---
title: perspiration — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «perspiration» in the school dictionary: Perspiration is sweat: the salty water that comes out of your skin when you are hot or working hard. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# perspiration

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** salty water, you, Perspiration, act, Beads, shirt · **What happens:** be, come out, work, sweat, help, keep · **To what, where:** Perspiration sweat, skin, act, body, face, water

<!-- .vabout -->
«perspiration» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [perspiration in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/perspiration.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perspiration is sweat: the salty water that comes out of your skin when you are hot or working hard.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:m1:1
# text = Perspiration is sweat: the salty water that comes out of your skin when you are hot or working hard.
1	Perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sweat	sweat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	salty	salty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	advcl	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	conj	_	_
20	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Perspiration sweat |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come out** | present | the salty water | your skin |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient skin=Result |
| 3 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | hot *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **work** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perspiration is the act of sweating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:m2:1
# text = Perspiration is the act of sweating.
1	Perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	sweating	sweat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Perspiration | the act |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sweat** | gerund | the act *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perspiration helps keep your body cool.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x1:1
# text = Perspiration helps keep your body cool.
1	Perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	cool	cool	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Perspiration |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **keep** | infinitive | Perspiration *not said here* | your body |  |  |  | cool *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beads of perspiration ran down his face.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x2:1
# text = Beads of perspiration ran down his face.
1	Beads	bead	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run down** | past | Beads of perspiration | his face |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme face=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the race, my shirt was wet with perspiration.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x3:1
# text = After the race, my shirt was wet with perspiration.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	shirt	shirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | my shirt |  |  |  | after the race | with perspiration; wet *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Drink water to replace what you lose in perspiration.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x4:1
# text = Drink water to replace what you lose in perspiration.
1	Drink	drink	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	replace	replace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
5	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	obj	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	lose	lose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drink** | imperative | you *not said here* | water |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 2 | **replace** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme what=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **lose** | present | you |  |  | perspiration |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V PP.eventuality S\_ING»: agent=Agent in perspiration=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perspiration contains water and salt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x5:1
# text = Perspiration contains water and salt.
1	Perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | Perspiration | water and salt |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot water=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The heat made everyone break into perspiration.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x6:1
# text = The heat made everyone break into perspiration.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	3	obj	_	_
5	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the heat | everyone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **break** | infinitive | everyone *not said here* |  |  |  |  | into perspiration *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into perspiration=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Deodorant reduces the smell of perspiration.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x7:1
# text = Deodorant reduces the smell of perspiration.
1	Deodorant	deodorant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	reduces	reduce	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reduce** | present | Deodorant | the smell of perspiration |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer smell=Patient |
| 2 | **smell** |  | perspiration |  |  |  |  |  | nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Success needs lots of perspiration and practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x8:1
# text = Success needs lots of perspiration and practice.
1	Success	success	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | Success | lots of perspiration and practice |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perspiration hung like beads on his brow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspiration:x9:1
# text = Perspiration hung like beads on his brow.
1	Perspiration	perspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	hung	hang	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	like	like	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	beads	bead	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	brow	brow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hang** | participle |  | Perspiration *not said here* |  | his brow |  | like beads | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on brow=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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