---
title: perspire — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «perspire» in the school dictionary: To sweat; to give off liquid through your skin when you are hot, nervous or working hard. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# perspire

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, People, He, Animals, runners, body · **What happens:** sweat, give off, be, work, perspire, begin · **To what, where:** liquid, skin, more, stage, water, heat

<!-- .vabout -->
«perspire» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [perspire in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/perspire.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal or polite — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To sweat; to give off liquid through your skin when you are hot, nervous or working hard.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:m1:1
# text = To sweat; to give off liquid through your skin when you are hot, nervous or working hard.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	sweat	sweat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	off	off	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	conj	_	_
19	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sweat** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **give off** | to-infinitive |  | liquid |  | your skin |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source liquid=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | hot *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **work** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People perspire more on hot days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:x1:1
# text = People perspire more on hot days.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	perspire	perspire	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perspire** | present | People | more |  |  | day |  | vn exhale-40.1.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He began to perspire as he waited for his turn on stage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:x2:1
# text = He began to perspire as he waited for his turn on stage.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	perspire	perspire	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	waited	wait	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	turn	turn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	stage	stage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **perspire** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **wait** | past | he |  |  | stage |  | for his turn | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on stage=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals like dogs do not perspire much; they pant instead.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:x3:1
# text = Animals like dogs do not perspire much; they pant instead.
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	like	like	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	perspire	perspire	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	much	much	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	pant	pant	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
11	instead	instead	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **perspire** | present · do-support | Animals like dogs |  |  |  |  |  | vn exhale-40.1.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pant** | present | Animals *= animal* |  |  |  |  | instead *property* | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Drink water because you lose water when you perspire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:x4:1
# text = Drink water because you lose water when you perspire.
1	Drink	drink	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lose	lose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	perspire	perspire	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drink** | imperative | you *not said here* | water |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 2 | **lose** | present | you | water |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Eventuality |
| 3 | **perspire** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn exhale-40.1.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The runners perspired in the heat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:x5:1
# text = The runners perspired in the heat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	runners	runner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	perspired	perspire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perspire** | past | the runners |  |  | the heat |  |  | vn exhale-40.1.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our body perspires to cool itself down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perspire:x6:1
# text = Our body perspires to cool itself down.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	perspires	perspire	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	cool	cool	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	obj	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perspire** | present | Our body |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cool down** | to-infinitive | Our body *not said here* | body |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent itself=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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