---
title: perturbation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «perturbation» in the school dictionary: Worry or anxiety; being upset. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# perturbation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** planet, She, Small perturbations, He, tiny perturbation, perturbation · **What happens:** be, pull, show, help, find, listen · **To what, where:** orbit, perturbation, Neptune, spacecraft, path, weather

<!-- .vabout -->
«perturbation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [perturbation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/perturbation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Worry or anxiety; being upset.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:m1:1
# text = Worry or anxiety; being upset.
1	Worry	worry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	anxiety	anxiety	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
6	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | upset *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"She showed no perturbation."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:m1e:1
# text = "She showed no perturbation."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	perturbation	perturbation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** *in a quote* | past | She | no perturbation |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent perturbation=Recipient |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small change or disturbance in the movement or state of something, such as a planet's orbit being pulled by another planet.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:m2:1
# text = A small change or disturbance in the movement or state of something, such as a planet's orbit being pulled by another planet.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	disturbance	disturbance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	19	case	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	planet	planet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	orbit	orbit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
20	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	pulled	pull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	_
22	by	by	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	24	det	_	_
24	planet	planet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | gerund · passive | another planet | a planet's orbit *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Small perturbations in Uranus's orbit helped find Neptune.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:x1:1
# text = Small perturbations in Uranus's orbit helped find Neptune.
1	Small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	perturbations	perturbation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	Uranus	Uranus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	orbit	orbit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
9	Neptune	Neptune	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | Small perturbations in Uranus's orbit |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **find** | infinitive | Small perturbations in Uranus's orbit *not said here* | Neptune |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neptune=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He listened without any sign of perturbation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:x2:1
# text = He listened without any sign of perturbation.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	without	without	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
5	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	perturbation	perturbation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | He |  |  |  |  | without any sign of perturbation | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sign** |  |  | perturbation |  |  |  |  | nom sign «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The spacecraft corrected for perturbations in its path.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:x3:1
# text = The spacecraft corrected for perturbations in its path.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	spacecraft	spacecraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	corrected	correct	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	perturbations	perturbation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **correct** *speech: disagree* | participle |  | the spacecraft *not said here* |  | spacecraft's path |  | for perturbations | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A tiny perturbation can change the weather a lot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:x4:1
# text = A tiny perturbation can change the weather a lot.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	perturbation	perturbation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | can | a tiny perturbation | the weather |  |  |  | a lot *obl:unmarked* | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weather=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her perturbation grew as the dog did not come home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:x5:1
# text = Her perturbation grew as the dog did not come home.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	perturbation	perturbation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
10	home	home	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | Her perturbation |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **come** | past · do-support | the dog |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **perturb** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom perturbation «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists measured the perturbation caused by the moon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perturbation:x6:1
# text = Scientists measured the perturbation caused by the moon.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	measured	measure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	perturbation	perturbation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | past | Scientists | the perturbation |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme perturbation=Value |
| 2 | **cause** | participle |  | the perturbation *not said here* |  |  |  | by the moon | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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