---
title: philologist — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «philologist» in the school dictionary: A philologist is a person who studies how languages developed and how words changed over time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# philologist

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** philologist, person, languages, words, philologists, word · **What happens:** be, study, develop, change, learn, come · **To what, where:** person, old words, philologist, old languages · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«philologist» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [philologist in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/philologist.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A philologist is a person who studies how languages developed and how words changed over time.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:philologist:m1:1
# text = A philologist is a person who studies how languages developed and how words changed over time.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	philologist	philologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	developed	develop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
13	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
15	over	over	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a philologist | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **study** | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **develop** | past | languages |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **change** | past | words |  |  |  | time |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some philologists study old words to learn where they came from.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:philologist:x1:1
# text = Some philologists study old words to learn where they came from.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	philologists	philologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	10	advmod	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | some philologists | old words |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Topic |
| 2 | **learn** | to-infinitive | some philologists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **come** | past | philologists *= philologist* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A philologist can tell how a word changed across many years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:philologist:x2:1
# text = A philologist can tell how a word changed across many years.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	philologist	philologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	ccomp	_	_
9	across	across	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | can | a philologist |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **change** | participle | a word |  |  |  | year |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My aunt is a philologist who loves old languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:philologist:x3:1
# text = My aunt is a philologist who loves old languages.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	aunt	aunt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	philologist	philologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	loves	love	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My aunt | a philologist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **love** | present | a philologist | old languages |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer language=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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