---
title: photosphere — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «photosphere» in the school dictionary: The photosphere is the bright outer surface of the Sun (or another star) that we see, from which most of its light shines out. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# photosphere

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** photosphere, we, most, It, Sunspots, you · **What happens:** be, see, shine out, light, not look, take · **To what, where:** bright outer surface, layer, part, darker patches, photosphere, 5,500 degrees

<!-- .vabout -->
«photosphere» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [photosphere in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/photosphere.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photosphere is the bright outer surface of the Sun (or another star) that we see, from which most of its light shines out.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:m1:1
# text = The photosphere is the bright outer surface of the Sun (or another star) that we see, from which most of its light shines out.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	14	det	_	_
14	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	_
16	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
17	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	26	obl	_	_
22	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	26	nsubj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
26	shines	shine	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
27	out	out	ADP	RP	_	26	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the photosphere | the bright outer surface |  |  |  | of the Sun | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | present | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **shine out** | present | most of photosphere's light |  |  | the bright outer surface |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **light** |  | photosphere |  |  |  |  |  | nom light «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a layer of very hot gas, about 5,500 degrees Celsius, not a solid surface.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:m2:1
# text = It is a layer of very hot gas, about 5,500 degrees Celsius, not a solid surface.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	about	about	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	5,500	5,500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	degrees	degree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	appos	_	_
13	Celsius	Celsius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a layer and a solid surface |  |  |  | of hot gas | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photosphere is the part of the Sun we can see.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:x1:1
# text = The photosphere is the part of the Sun we can see.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the photosphere | the part |  |  |  | of the Sun | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | can | we | the part *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer part=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sunspots are darker patches on the photosphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:x2:1
# text = Sunspots are darker patches on the photosphere.
1	Sunspots	sunspot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
4	patches	patch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sunspots | darker patches |  | the photosphere |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photosphere is about 5,500 degrees Celsius.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:x3:1
# text = The photosphere is about 5,500 degrees Celsius.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	about	about	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	5,500	5,500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	degrees	degree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	Celsius	Celsius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the photosphere | 5,500 degrees |  |  |  | Celsius *nmod:unmarked* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never look at the photosphere without special glasses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:x4:1
# text = Never look at the photosphere without special glasses.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	glasses	glass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **look** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | without special glasses; at the photosphere | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at photosphere=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Light from the photosphere takes about eight minutes to reach Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:x5:1
# text = Light from the photosphere takes about eight minutes to reach Earth.
1	Light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	about	about	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	eight	eight	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	reach	reach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
11	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | present | Light from the photosphere |  |  |  | minute |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **reach** | to-infinitive | Light from the photosphere *not said here* | Earth |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent earth=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Above the photosphere is the corona.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:photosphere:x6:1
# text = Above the photosphere is the corona.
1	Above	above	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	photosphere	photosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	corona	corona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | the corona |  | the photosphere |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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