---
title: pigmentation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pigmentation» in the school dictionary: The natural colour of skin, hair, eyes, leaves or other living things, caused by pigments (coloured substances). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pigmentation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Skin pigmentation, bright pigmentation, pigmentation, frog, Albino animals, Sun · **What happens:** cause, colour, come, warn, be, pigment · **To what, where:** leaves, melanin, pigmentation, dark pigmentation spots, skin · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«pigmentation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pigmentation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pigmentation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The natural colour of skin, hair, eyes, leaves or other living things, caused by pigments (coloured substances).

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:m1:1
# text = The natural colour of skin, hair, eyes, leaves or other living things, caused by pigments (coloured substances).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	pigments	pigment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
20	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	coloured	colour	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	amod	_	_
22	substances	substance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | leaves or other living things *not said here* |  |  |  | by pigments | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **colour** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coloured spots or patches on skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:m2:1
# text = Coloured spots or patches on skin.
1	Coloured	coloured	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	patches	patch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Skin pigmentation comes from melanin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:x1:1
# text = Skin pigmentation comes from melanin.
1	Skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	pigmentation	pigmentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	melanin	melanin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Skin pigmentation |  |  | melanin |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from melanin=Initial\_Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The frog's bright pigmentation warns that it is poisonous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:x2:1
# text = The frog's bright pigmentation warns that it is poisonous.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frog	frog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pigmentation	pigmentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	warns	warn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warn** *speech: warn* | present | the frog's bright pigmentation |  |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | pigmentation |  |  |  |  | poisonous *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **pigment** |  | the frog |  |  |  |  |  | nom pigmentation «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Albino animals lack pigmentation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:x3:1
# text = Albino animals lack pigmentation.
1	Albino	albino	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lack	lack	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	pigmentation	pigmentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lack** | present | Albino animals | pigmentation |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sun can cause dark pigmentation spots on skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:x4:1
# text = Sun can cause dark pigmentation spots on skin.
1	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	pigmentation	pigmentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | can | Sun | dark pigmentation spots |  | skin |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition spot=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Autumn leaves change pigmentation as chlorophyll breaks down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:x5:1
# text = Autumn leaves change pigmentation as chlorophyll breaks down.
1	Autumn	autumn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	pigmentation	pigmentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	chlorophyll	chlorophyll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | Autumn leaves | pigmentation |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pigmentation=Patient |
| 2 | **break down** | present | chlorophyll |  |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Human skin pigmentation varies, and all of it is normal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pigmentation:x6:1
# text = Human skin pigmentation varies, and all of it is normal.
1	Human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	pigmentation	pigmentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	varies	vary	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vary** | present | skin pigmentation |  |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | all |  |  |  |  | normal *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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