---
title: plain — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «plain» in the school dictionary: Plain means simple, with nothing added or no decoration, like a plain T-shirt or plain yogurt. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# plain

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Plain, he, I, you, It, she · **What happens:** mean, add, see, understand, be, describe · **To what, where:** large flat area, someone, plain biscuit, picture, plain paper, Great Plains · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«plain» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [plain in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/plain.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plain means simple, with nothing added or no decoration, like a plain T-shirt or plain yogurt.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:m1:1
# text = Plain means simple, with nothing added or no decoration, like a plain T-shirt or plain yogurt.
1	Plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	obl	_	_
7	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	10	det	_	_
10	decoration	decoration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
14	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
15	T	t	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	shirt	shirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	yogurt	yogurt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Plain |  |  |  |  | with nothing; simple *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | like a plain T shirt or plain yogurt | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plain means easy to see or understand; clear, as in «it was plain that he was tired».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:m2:1
# text = Plain means easy to see or understand; clear, as in «it was plain that he was tired».
1	Plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Plain |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | Plain *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **understand** | infinitive | Plain *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | past | Plain |  |  |  |  | plain *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **is** *in a quote* | past | he |  |  |  |  | tired *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plain is a large, flat area of land with few trees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:m3:1
# text = A plain is a large, flat area of land with few trees.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a plain | a large flat area |  |  |  | of land; with few trees | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plain can describe someone who is not especially good-looking (not kind to say).

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:m4:1
# text = Plain can describe someone who is not especially good-looking (not kind to say).
1	Plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	describe	describe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
8	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
9	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	acl:relcl	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can | Plain | someone |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | especially, kind, look *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plain (adverb) means completely, as in «plain silly».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:m5:1
# text = Plain (adverb) means completely, as in «plain silly».
1	Plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	adverb	adverb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	completely	completely	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	silly	silly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Plain |  |  |  |  | completely *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'd like a plain biscuit, please.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x1:1
# text = I'd like a plain biscuit, please.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'd	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	biscuit	biscuit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	please	please	INTJ	UH	_	3	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **like** | would | I | a plain biscuit |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot biscuit=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw your picture on plain paper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x2:1
# text = Draw your picture on plain paper.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | your picture |  | plain paper |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent picture=Theme on paper=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was plain that she was upset.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x3:1
# text = It was plain that she was upset.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | It |  |  |  |  | plain *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | she |  |  |  |  | upset *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buffalo once roamed the Great Plains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x4:1
# text = Buffalo once roamed the Great Plains.
1	Buffalo	buffalo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
3	roamed	roam	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	Plains	Plain	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roam** | past | Buffalo | the Great Plains |  |  |  | once *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location plain=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The instructions were written in plain English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x5:1
# text = The instructions were written in plain English.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	instructions	instruction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past · passive |  | the instructions |  | plain English |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in english=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He wore a plain white shirt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x6:1
# text = He wore a plain white shirt.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shirt	shirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | He | a plain white shirt |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shirt=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The keys were in plain sight on the table.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x7:1
# text = The keys were in plain sight on the table.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	keys	key	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sight	sight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the keys |  |  | plain sight |  | on the table | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the first hill, it was plain sailing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x8:1
# text = After the first hill, it was plain sailing.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	4	amod	_	_
4	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	sailing	sailing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | hill | plain sailing |  |  | after the first hill |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That's just plain silly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plain:x9:1
# text = That's just plain silly.
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	just	just	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	silly	silly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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