---
title: pleat — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pleat» in the school dictionary: A fold made in cloth by doubling it over and pressing or sewing it in place. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pleat

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** school skirt, kilt, We, Iron pleats, you, hats · **What happens:** make, double over, press, sew, have, pleat · **To what, where:** fold, cloth, place, folds, pleats, neat pleats

<!-- .vabout -->
«pleat» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pleat in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pleat.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fold made in cloth by doubling it over and pressing or sewing it in place.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:m1:1
# text = A fold made in cloth by doubling it over and pressing or sewing it in place.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fold	fold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	doubling	double	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	pressing	press	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	sewing	sew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a fold *not said here* |  | cloth |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **double over** | gerund |  | cloth |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 3 | **press** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sew** | gerund |  | cloth |  | place |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme in place=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make folds like this in cloth or paper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:m2:1
# text = To make folds like this in cloth or paper.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	folds	fold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	nmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | folds |  | cloth or paper |  | like this | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset fold=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My school skirt has pleats all round.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x1:1
# text = My school skirt has pleats all round.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	skirt	skirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	pleats	pleat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	all	all	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	round	round	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | My school skirt | pleats |  |  |  | round *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pleat=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A kilt has neat pleats at the back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x2:1
# text = A kilt has neat pleats at the back.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kilt	kilt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	neat	neat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pleats	pleat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a kilt | neat pleats |  | the back |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pleat=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We pleated paper to make a fan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x3:1
# text = We pleated paper to make a fan.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pleated	pleat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fan	fan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pleat** | past | We | paper |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | a fan |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset fan=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Iron the pleats so they stay sharp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x4:1
# text = Iron the pleats so they stay sharp.
1	Iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	pleats	pleat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stay	stay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | present | the Iron pleats |  |  |  |  | sharp *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The curtains were pleated at the top.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x5:1
# text = The curtains were pleated at the top.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	curtains	curtain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	pleated	pleat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pleat** | past · passive |  | the curtains |  | the top |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fold the paper into pleats like an accordion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x6:1
# text = Fold the paper into pleats like an accordion.
1	Fold	fold	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	pleats	pleat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	accordion	accordion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fold** | imperative | you *not said here* | the paper |  |  |  | into pleats like a accordion *result* | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent paper=Patient into pleat=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hats of the men were blue; the little woman’s hat was white, and she wore a white gown that hung in pleats from her shoulders.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pleat:x7:1
# text = The hats of the men were blue; the little woman’s hat was white, and she wore a white gown that hung in pleats from her shoulders.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hats	hat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	’s	's	PART	POS	_	11	case	_	_
13	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	gown	gown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
23	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	nsubj	_	_
24	hung	hang	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	acl:relcl	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	pleats	pleat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the hats of the men |  |  |  |  | blue *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | the little woman's hat |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **wear** | past | woman | a white gown |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent gown=Theme |
| 4 | **hang** | past | a white gown |  |  | pleats |  | from woman's shoulders | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in pleat=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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