---
title: plesiosaur — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «plesiosaur» in the school dictionary: A plesiosaur was a large sea reptile that lived at the time of the dinosaurs, with a broad body, four flippers and often a very long neck. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# plesiosaur

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** plesiosaur, large sea reptile, Plesiosaurs, we, Mary, museum · **What happens:** be, live, know, find, swim, use · **To what, where:** large sea reptile, Plesiosaurs, fossils, plesiosaur fossil, beach, four big flippers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«plesiosaur» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [plesiosaur in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/plesiosaur.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plesiosaur was a large sea reptile that lived at the time of the dinosaurs, with a broad body, four flippers and often a very long neck.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:m1:1
# text = A plesiosaur was a large sea reptile that lived at the time of the dinosaurs, with a broad body, four flippers and often a very long neck.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plesiosaur	plesiosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	reptile	reptile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	broad	broad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	23	nummod	_	_
23	flippers	flipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
25	often	often	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
27	very	very	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a plesiosaur | a large sea reptile |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | a large sea reptile |  |  |  | time | with a broad body and four flippers and a long neck | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme with body=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plesiosaurs are now extinct; we know them from fossils.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:m2:1
# text = Plesiosaurs are now extinct; we know them from fossils.
1	Plesiosaurs	plesiosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
4	extinct	extinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Plesiosaurs |  |  |  | now | extinct *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | present | we | Plesiosaurs *= plesiosaur* |  | fossils |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mary Anning found a plesiosaur fossil on the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:x1:1
# text = Mary Anning found a plesiosaur fossil on the beach.
1	Mary	Mary	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Anning	Anning	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	plesiosaur	plesiosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Mary | a plesiosaur fossil |  | the beach |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fossil=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plesiosaur swam using four big flippers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:x2:1
# text = A plesiosaur swam using four big flippers.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plesiosaur	plesiosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	flippers	flipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | a plesiosaur |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | gerund | a plesiosaur *not said here* | four big flippers |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent flipper=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plesiosaurs ate fish and squid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:x3:1
# text = Plesiosaurs ate fish and squid.
1	Plesiosaurs	plesiosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	squid	squid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | Plesiosaurs | fish and squid |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fish=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum has a plesiosaur skeleton with a very long neck.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:x4:1
# text = The museum has a plesiosaur skeleton with a very long neck.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	plesiosaur	plesiosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	very	very	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the museum | a plesiosaur skeleton |  |  |  | with a long neck | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plesiosaurs were reptiles, but not dinosaurs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:x5:1
# text = Plesiosaurs were reptiles, but not dinosaurs.
1	Plesiosaurs	plesiosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	reptiles	reptile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Plesiosaurs | reptiles but dinosaurs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some people say the Loch Ness Monster is a plesiosaur, but there is no proof.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plesiosaur:x6:1
# text = Some people say the Loch Ness Monster is a plesiosaur, but there is no proof.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	Loch	Loch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	Ness	ness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Monster	monster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	plesiosaur	plesiosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	14	expl	_	_
14	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
15	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	16	det	_	_
16	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | some people |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the Loch Ness Monster | a plesiosaur |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** | present | no proof |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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