---
title: plume — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «plume» in the school dictionary: A large, soft, beautiful feather, or a bunch of feathers worn as decoration. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# plume

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** dust, plume, volcano, knight, peacock, whale · **What happens:** wear, rise, spread out, cloud, tidy, send · **To what, where:** feathers, smoke, plume, chimney, huge plume, sky

<!-- .vabout -->
«plume» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [plume in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/plume.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large, soft, beautiful feather, or a bunch of feathers worn as decoration.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:m1:1
# text = A large, soft, beautiful feather, or a bunch of feathers worn as decoration.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	feather	feather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	bunch	bunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	feathers	feather	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
14	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	decoration	decoration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | participle |  | feathers *not said here* |  |  |  | as decoration | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A long cloud of smoke, steam, dust or water that rises and spreads out.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:m2:1
# text = A long cloud of smoke, steam, dust or water that rises and spreads out.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cloud	cloud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	rises	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
16	out	out	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | present | dust or water |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **spread out** | present | dust or water *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **cloud** |  |  | smoke |  |  |  |  | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
verb (rare).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:m3:1
# text = verb (rare).
1	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	rare	rare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To rise in a plume, or for a bird to tidy its feathers.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:m3e:1
# text = To rise in a plume, or for a bird to tidy its feathers.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	rise	rise	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	plume	plume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	tidy	tidy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl	_	_
13	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	feathers	feather	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a plume |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in plume=Location |
| 2 | **tidy** | to-infinitive |  | bird's feathers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plume of smoke rose from the chimney.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x1:1
# text = A plume of smoke rose from the chimney.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plume	plume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	chimney	chimney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | past | a plume of smoke |  |  | the chimney |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from chimney=Initial\_Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The volcano sent a huge plume of ash into the sky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x2:1
# text = The volcano sent a huge plume of ash into the sky.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	plume	plume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | the volcano | a huge plume of ash |  | the sky |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plume=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knight wore a red plume on his helmet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x3:1
# text = The knight wore a red plume on his helmet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knight	knight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	plume	plume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the knight | a red plume |  | knight's helmet |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent plume=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The peacock shook its plumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x4:1
# text = The peacock shook its plumes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	peacock	peacock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shook	shake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	plumes	plume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shake** | past | the peacock | peacock's plumes |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent plume=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The whale blew a plume of spray.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x5:1
# text = The whale blew a plume of spray.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	plume	plume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	spray	spray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | past | the whale | a plume of spray |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent plume=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Planes could not fly through the ash plume.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x6:1
# text = Planes could not fly through the ash plume.
1	Planes	plane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	plume	plume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **fly** | could | Planes |  |  | the ash plume |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through plume=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So he picked up some castoff feathers of the Peacocks and stuck them among his own black plumes.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:plume:x7:1
# text = So he picked up some castoff feathers of the Peacocks and stuck them among his own black plumes.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	picked	pick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
6	castoff	castoff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	feathers	feather	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Peacocks	Peacock	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	stuck	stick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	_
14	among	among	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
16	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	plumes	plume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pick up** | past | he | some castoff feathers of the Peacocks |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feather=Topic |
| 2 | **stick** | past | he *not said here* | feathers *= feather* |  | his own black plumes |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme among plume=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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