---
title: polio — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «polio» in the school dictionary: A serious illness caused by a virus that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis, so people cannot move parts of their body. Its full name is poliomyelitis. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# polio

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** virus, people, full name, Grandma, Jonas · **What happens:** cause, damage, not move, be, name, save · **To what, where:** serious illness, nerves, paralysis, parts, poliomyelitis, Polio vaccines

<!-- .vabout -->
«polio» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [polio in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/polio.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A serious illness caused by a virus that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis, so people cannot move parts of their body. Its full name is poliomyelitis.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A serious illness caused by a virus that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis, so people cannot move parts of their body.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:m1:1
# text = A serious illness caused by a virus that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis, so people cannot move parts of their body.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	damage	damage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	nerves	nerve	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
15	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	so	so	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
18	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj	_	_
19	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	21	advmod	_	_
21	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
22	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | a serious illness *not said here* |  |  |  | by a virus | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **damage** | can | a virus | the nerves |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nerve=Patient |
| 3 | **cause** | infinitive | a virus *not said here* | paralysis |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition paralysis=Patient |
| 4 | **not** **move** | can | people | parts of people's body |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent part=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Its full name is poliomyelitis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:m1:2
# text = Its full name is poliomyelitis.
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	poliomyelitis	poliomyelitis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | virus's full name | poliomyelitis |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** |  | virus |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polio vaccines have saved millions of children from paralysis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:x1:1
# text = Polio vaccines have saved millions of children from paralysis.
1	Polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	vaccines	vaccine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	saved	save	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **save** | present · perfect · passive |  | Polio vaccines |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary million=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma remembers getting the polio vaccine on a sugar lump.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:x2:1
# text = Grandma remembers getting the polio vaccine on a sugar lump.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	remembers	remember	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	getting	get	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	vaccine	vaccine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	lump	lump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remember** | present | Grandma |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **get** | gerund | Grandma *not said here* | the polio vaccine |  | a sugar lump |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent vaccine=Theme on lump=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polio is caused by a virus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:x3:1
# text = Polio is caused by a virus.
1	Polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a virus | Polio |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jonas Salk made one of the first polio vaccines.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:x4:1
# text = Jonas Salk made one of the first polio vaccines.
1	Jonas	Jonas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Salk	Salk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	9	amod	_	_
8	polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	vaccines	vaccine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Jonas | one of the first polio vaccines |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Today polio has almost disappeared from the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:x5:1
# text = Today polio has almost disappeared from the world.
1	Today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	disappeared	disappear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disappear** | present · perfect · passive |  | Today polio |  | the world |  | almost *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some people who had polio needed leg braces to walk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polio:x6:1
# text = Some people who had polio needed leg braces to walk.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
7	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	braces	brace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | some people | polio and needed leg braces |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent polio=Patient |
| 2 | **need** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **walk** | to-infinitive | some people *not said here* | polio and needed leg braces *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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