---
title: polish — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «polish» in the school dictionary: To rub something to make it smooth and shiny. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# polish

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Note, He, shoes, Mum, you, ten minutes · **What happens:** rub, make, use, improve, polish, mean · **To what, where:** something, it, wax, things, story, Poland

<!-- .vabout -->
«polish» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [polish in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/polish.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To rub something to make it smooth and shiny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:m1:1
# text = To rub something to make it smooth and shiny.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	rub	rub	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | it |  |  |  | smooth *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cream, liquid or wax used to make things shiny: «shoe polish», «nail polish».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:m2:1
# text = A cream, liquid or wax used to make things shiny: «shoe polish», «nail polish».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	liquid	liquid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	wax	wax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	shoe	shoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	polish	polish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	polish	polish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  | wax *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | things |  |  |  | shiny *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset thing=Product |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To improve something to make it better: «polish your story».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:m3:1
# text = To improve something to make it better: «polish your story».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	improve	improve	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	polish	polish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **improve** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | it |  |  |  | good *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 3 | **polish** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | your story |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent story=Destination |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A smooth shine. Note: «Polish» with a capital P means from Poland.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A smooth shine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:m4:1
# text = A smooth shine.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	shine	shine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Note: «Polish» with a capital P means from Poland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:m4:2
# text = Note: «Polish» with a capital P means from Poland.
1	Note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	Polish	polish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	P	p	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Poland	Poland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Note |  |  | Poland |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To polish off something is to finish it quickly, such as eating all of a meal.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:m5:1
# text = To polish off something is to finish it quickly, such as eating all of a meal.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	polish	polish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	finish	finish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=SCONJ	13	mark	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
14	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	meal	meal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish off** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent something=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | finish, quickly *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **eat** | gerund |  | all |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent all=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He polished his shoes until they shone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x1:1
# text = He polished his shoes until they shone.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	polished	polish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	shone	shine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish** | past | He | his shoes |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent shoe=Destination |
| 2 | **shine** | past | shoes *= shoe* |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum put on red nail polish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x2:1
# text = Mum put on red nail polish.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	polish	polish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | Mum |  |  | red nail polish |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on polish=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polish the table with a soft cloth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x3:1
# text = Polish the table with a soft cloth.
1	Polish	polish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish** | imperative | you *not said here* | the table |  |  |  | with a soft cloth | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent table=Destination with cloth=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spend ten minutes polishing your story.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x4:1
# text = Spend ten minutes polishing your story.
1	Spend	spend	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	polishing	polish	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  | minute |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **polish** | gerund | ten minutes *not said here* | your story |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent story=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He polished off the whole pizza.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x5:1
# text = He polished off the whole pizza.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	polished	polish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish off** | past | He | the whole pizza |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent pizza=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old coin had a nice polish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x6:1
# text = The old coin had a nice polish.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	nice	nice	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	polish	polish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the old coin | a nice polish |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent polish=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep nail polish remover away from little children.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x7:1
# text = Keep nail polish remover away from little children.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	polish	polish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	remover	remover	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	away	away	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | nail |  |  |  | away *property* | vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent nail=Theme remover=Attribute |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You must have seen old Kerick polishing off a drove.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:polish:x8:1
# text = You must have seen old Kerick polishing off a drove.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	aux	_	_
4	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	Kerick	Kerick	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	polishing	polish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
8	off	off	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | must · perfect | You | old Kerick |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer kerick=Stimulus |
| 2 | **polish off** | gerund | You *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **drive** | past | You *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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