---
title: politics — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «politics» in the school dictionary: Politics is the activities of governments and people who run a country, including elections and making laws. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# politics

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Politics, people, uncle, She, We, lot · **What happens:** be, run, make, govern, mean, argue · **To what, where:** activities, country, laws, study, countries, opinions · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«politics» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [politics in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/politics.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Politics is the activities of governments and people who run a country, including elections and making laws.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:m1:1
# text = Politics is the activities of governments and people who run a country, including elections and making laws.
1	Politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	activities	activity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	governments	government	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	including	including	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	elections	election	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
18	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Politics | the activities |  |  |  | of governments and people | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | present | people | a country |  |  |  | including elections | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme country=Trajectory |
| 3 | **make** | gerund | people *not said here* | laws |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset law=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Politics is the study of how countries are governed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:m2:1
# text = Politics is the study of how countries are governed.
1	Politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
7	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	governed	govern	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Politics | the study |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **govern** | present · passive |  | countries |  |  |  |  | vn supervision-95.2.2 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person's politics are their opinions about how the country should be run.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:m3:1
# text = A person's politics are their opinions about how the country should be run.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	7	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	opinions	opinion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
8	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
9	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	run	run	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a person's politics | politics's opinions |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | should · passive |  | the country |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Politics can mean arguing and plotting for power in any group: office politics, playground politics.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:m4:1
# text = Politics can mean arguing and plotting for power in any group: office politics, playground politics.
1	Politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	arguing	argue	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	plotting	plot	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	conj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
11	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	office	office	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	11	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	playground	playground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Politics |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **argue** *speech: disagree* *not said to happen* | gerund | Politics *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **plot** | gerund | Politics *not said here* |  |  | any group |  | for power | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in group=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle is interested in politics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x1:1
# text = My uncle is interested in politics.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	interested	interested	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My uncle |  |  | politics |  | interested *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People in politics make laws for the country.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x2:1
# text = People in politics make laws for the country.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	1	nmod	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | People in politics | laws |  |  |  | for the country | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: agent=Agent law=Product for country=Asset |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She wants to go into politics when she grows up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x3:1
# text = She wants to go into politics when she grows up.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wants	want	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obl	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
10	up	up	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | present | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **go** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | She *not said here* |  |  | politics |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into politics=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **grow up** | present | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We don't talk about politics at dinner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x4:1
# text = We don't talk about politics at dinner.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	talk	talk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	dinner	dinner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **talk** | present · do-support | We |  |  | dinner |  | about politics | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about politics=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There's a lot of politics in our football club.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x5:1
# text = There's a lot of politics in our football club.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a lot of politics in our football club |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Politics is studied at university.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x6:1
# text = Politics is studied at university.
1	Politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	studied	study	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present · passive |  | Politics |  | university |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
About politics they had a good deal to say.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:politics:x7:1
# text = About politics they had a good deal to say.
1	About	about	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obl	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	deal	deal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | politics | a good deal |  |  |  | about politics | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent deal=Patient |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | politics *not said here* | a good deal *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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