---
title: preceding — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «preceding» in the school dictionary: Coming just before something in time, order or position (the preceding page, the preceding year). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# preceding

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, number, your, she, days, flash · **What happens:** come, precede, go, happen, look, be · **To what, where:** something, front, preceding page, 100, 99, answer

<!-- .vabout -->
«preceding» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [preceding in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/preceding.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coming just before something in time, order or position (the preceding page, the preceding year).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:m1:1
# text = Coming just before something in time, order or position (the preceding page, the preceding year).
1	Coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	just	just	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	before	before	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	amod	_	_
14	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	amod	_	_
18	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | gerund |  |  |  | something |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme before something=Location |
| 2 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Going in front of or happening before something else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:m2:1
# text = Going in front of or happening before something else.
1	Going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	happening	happen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
7	before	before	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obl	_	_
9	else	else	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | gerund |  |  |  | front |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in front=Location |
| 2 | **happen** | gerund |  |  |  | something |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme before something=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Look at the preceding page for the answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x1:1
# text = Look at the preceding page for the answer.
1	Look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the preceding page |  | for the answer | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent at page=Location for answer=Theme |
| 2 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The number preceding 100 is 99.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x2:1
# text = The number preceding 100 is 99.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	99	99	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **precede** | gerund | the number *not said here* | 100 |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme 100=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the number | 99 |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use your answer from the preceding question.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x3:1
# text = Use your answer from the preceding question.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	question	question	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | your answer |  | the preceding question |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Patient |
| 2 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **answer** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the preceding weeks, she practised every day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x4:1
# text = In the preceding weeks, she practised every day.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	amod	_	_
4	weeks	week	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	practised	practise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **practise** | past | she |  |  |  | day; week |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The days preceding the holiday were busy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x5:1
# text = The days preceding the holiday were busy.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	holiday	holiday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **precede** | gerund | the days *not said here* | the holiday |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme holiday=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | the days |  |  |  |  | busy *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A flash of lightning comes in the seconds preceding the thunder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x6:1
# text = A flash of lightning comes in the seconds preceding the thunder.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flash	flash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	lightning	lightning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	seconds	second	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	thunder	thunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | a flash of lightning |  |  |  | second |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **precede** | gerund | the seconds *not said here* | the thunder |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme thunder=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **flash** |  | lightning |  |  |  |  |  | nom flash «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The evening passed pleasantly like the one preceding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:preceding:x7:1
# text = The evening passed pleasantly like the one preceding.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	pleasantly	pleasantly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past | the evening |  |  |  |  | like the one; pleasantly *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **precede** | gerund | the one *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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