---
title: predecessor — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «predecessor» in the school dictionary: A predecessor is the person who had a job or position before someone else. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# predecessor

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** predecessor, person, thing, new head teacher, phone, you · **What happens:** be, have, come, replace, model, write · **To what, where:** person, job, thing, phone, uncle, 99

<!-- .vabout -->
«predecessor» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [predecessor in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/predecessor.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A predecessor is the person who had a job or position before someone else.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:m1:1
# text = A predecessor is the person who had a job or position before someone else.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	before	before	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	_
14	else	else	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a predecessor | the person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | past | the person | a job or position |  |  | before someone |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A predecessor is a thing that came before another thing and was replaced by it, like an older model of a phone.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:m2:1
# text = A predecessor is a thing that came before another thing and was replaced by it, like an older model of a phone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	before	before	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	20	amod	_	_
20	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	parataxis	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a predecessor | a thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come** | past | a thing | another thing |  |  |  | before *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **replace** | past · passive | a thing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by predecessor | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V PP.co-theme» |
| 4 | **model** |  |  | a phone |  |  |  |  | nom model «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new head teacher is stricter than her predecessor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x1:1
# text = The new head teacher is stricter than her predecessor.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	stricter	strict	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the new head teacher |  |  |  |  | than teacher's predecessor; strict *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This phone is faster than its predecessor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x2:1
# text = This phone is faster than its predecessor.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	faster	fast	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | this phone |  |  |  |  | than phone's predecessor; fast *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king's predecessor was his uncle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x3:1
# text = The king's predecessor was his uncle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the king's predecessor | king's uncle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The predecessor of 100 is 99.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x4:1
# text = The predecessor of 100 is 99.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	99	99	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the predecessor of 100 | 99 |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the predecessor of each number.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x5:1
# text = Write the predecessor of each number.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the predecessor of each number |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent predecessor=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new bridge is much wider than its predecessor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x6:1
# text = The new bridge is much wider than its predecessor.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	much	much	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	wider	wide	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the new bridge |  |  |  |  | than bridge's predecessor; wide *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I saw him, last winter, make your predecessor run, and his predecessor before him.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:predecessor:x7:1
# text = I saw him, last winter, make your predecessor run, and his predecessor before him.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
16	before	before	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | I | him *= he* |  |  | winter |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |
| 2 | **make** | infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **run** | present | your predecessor |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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