---
title: presbyterian — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «presbyterian» in the school dictionary: Presbyterian describes Protestant churches that are run by elders (presbyters) chosen by the members, not by bishops; the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# presbyterian

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Presbyterian, elders, Church, Presbyterian minister, gran, Presbyterian kirk · **What happens:** describe, run, choose, be, preach, lead · **To what, where:** Protestant churches, elders, member, Presbyterian church, short sermon, Presbyterian

<!-- .vabout -->
«presbyterian» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [presbyterian in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/presbyterian.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: church — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Presbyterian describes Protestant churches that are run by elders (presbyters) chosen by the members, not by bishops; the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:m1:1
# text = Presbyterian describes Protestant churches that are run by elders (presbyters) chosen by the members, not by bishops; the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian.
1	Presbyterian	presbyterian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Protestant	protestant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	churches	church	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	run	run	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	elders	elder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl:agent	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	presbyters	presbyter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	_
13	chosen	choose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	members	member	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	bishops	bishop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	Church	Church	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
26	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
27	Presbyterian	presbyterian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | present | Presbyterian | Protestant churches |  |  |  | by bishops | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent church=Theme |
| 2 | **run** | present · passive | elders | Protestant churches |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Trajectory |
| 3 | **choose** | participle |  | elders *not said here* |  |  |  | by the members | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | present | the Church of Scotland |  |  |  |  | presbyterian *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Presbyterian is a member of such a church.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:m2:1
# text = A Presbyterian is a member of such a church.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Presbyterian	presbyterian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	member	member	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	such	such	DET	PDT	PronType=Ind	9	det:predet	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a Presbyterian | a member |  |  |  | of such church | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Church of Scotland is a Presbyterian church.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:x1:1
# text = The Church of Scotland is a Presbyterian church.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Church	Church	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Presbyterian	presbyterian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Church of Scotland | a Presbyterian church |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our Presbyterian minister preaches a short sermon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:x2:1
# text = Our Presbyterian minister preaches a short sermon.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	Presbyterian	presbyterian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	minister	minister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	preaches	preach	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	sermon	sermon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **preach** *speech: other* | present | Our Presbyterian minister | a short sermon |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sermon=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My gran is a Presbyterian from Belfast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:x3:1
# text = My gran is a Presbyterian from Belfast.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	gran	gran	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Presbyterian	presbyterian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Belfast	Belfast	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My gran | a Presbyterian |  | Belfast |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Presbyterian churches are led by elders, not bishops.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:x4:1
# text = Presbyterian churches are led by elders, not bishops.
1	Presbyterian	presbyterian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	churches	church	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	elders	elder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	bishops	bishop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present · passive | elders and bishops | Presbyterian churches |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Presbyterian kirk has white walls and clear windows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:x5:1
# text = The Presbyterian kirk has white walls and clear windows.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Presbyterian	presbyterian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	kirk	kirk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Presbyterian kirk | white walls and clear windows |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wall=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Korea there are many big Presbyterian churches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presbyterian:x6:1
# text = In Korea there are many big Presbyterian churches.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Korea	Korea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	4	expl	_	_
4	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	Presbyterian	presbyterian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	churches	church	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | many big Presbyterian churches |  |  | Korea; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in korea=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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