---
title: presumption — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «presumption» in the school dictionary: Something you believe is true without proof: «the presumption that he was at home». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# presumption

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, Something, he, idea, Rude confident behaviour, it · **What happens:** believe, be, treat, prove, presume, do · **To what, where:** home, presumption, innocence, something, right, chair

<!-- .vabout -->
«presumption» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [presumption in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/presumption.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something you believe is true without proof: «the presumption that he was at home».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:m1:1
# text = Something you believe is true without proof: «the presumption that he was at home».
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nsubj	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present | Something |  |  |  |  | without proof; true *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | past | he |  |  | home |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An idea a court treats as true until proved otherwise: «the presumption of innocence».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:m2:1
# text = An idea a court treats as true until proved otherwise: «the presumption of innocence».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	treats	treat	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
8	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	_
10	otherwise	otherwise	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	innocence	innocence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **treat** | present | a idea | the presumption of innocence |  |  |  | true *property* | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **prove** | participle | a idea *not said here* |  |  |  |  | otherwise *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **presume** *in a quote* |  |  | innocence |  |  |  |  | nom presumption «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rude, too-confident behaviour, doing something you have no right to do: «What presumption, to sit in the head's chair!».

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:m3:1
# text = Rude, too-confident behaviour, doing something you have no right to do: «What presumption, to sit in the head's chair!».
1	Rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	confident	confident	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	right	right	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	What	what	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	19	det	_	_
19	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	sit	sit	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	19	appos	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	's	's	PART	POS	_	25	case	_	_
27	chair	chair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | gerund | Rude confident behaviour and what presumption *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 2 | **have** | present | you | no right |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent right=Patient |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | no right *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sit** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  |  |  | the head's chair |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in chair=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our plan was based on the presumption that it would not rain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x1:1
# text = Our plan was based on the presumption that it would not rain.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	plan	plan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	based	base	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **base** | past · passive |  | Our plan |  | the presumption |  |  | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on presumption=Source |
| 2 | **not** **rain** | would | it |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **plan** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom plan «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In court there is a presumption of innocence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x2:1
# text = In court there is a presumption of innocence.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	4	expl	_	_
4	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	innocence	innocence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a presumption of innocence |  |  | court; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in court=Location |
| 2 | **presume** |  |  | innocence |  |  |  |  | nom presumption «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The presumption that all spiders are dangerous is wrong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x3:1
# text = The presumption that all spiders are dangerous is wrong.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	spiders	spider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the presumption |  |  |  |  | dangerous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the presumption |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She acted on the presumption that her friend had the tickets.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x4:1
# text = She acted on the presumption that her friend had the tickets.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	acted	act	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	tickets	ticket	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | past | She |  |  | the presumption |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on presumption=Eventuality |
| 2 | **have** | past | her friend | the tickets |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ticket=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His presumption in reading my diary made me cross.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x5:1
# text = His presumption in reading my diary made me cross.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	reading	read	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	diary	diary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	cross	cross	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | gerund | His presumption *not said here* | my diary |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diary=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | past | His presumption | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cross** | infinitive | me *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **presume** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom presumption «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That was a reasonable presumption, but it turned out false.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x6:1
# text = That was a reasonable presumption, but it turned out false.
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | That | a reasonable presumption |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **turn out** | past | presumption | a reasonable presumption *not said here* |  |  |  | false *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location presumption=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists test presumptions with experiments.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x7:1
# text = Scientists test presumptions with experiments.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	test	test	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	presumptions	presumption	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	experiments	experiment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | present | Scientists | presumptions |  |  |  | with experiments | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent presumption=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
‘Oh!’ he implored, ‘pardon my presumption; necessity alone drove me to the deed.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:presumption:x8:1
# text = ‘Oh!’ he implored, ‘pardon my presumption; necessity alone drove me to the deed.
1	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	implored	implore	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	pardon	pardon	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
10	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	presumption	presumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
13	necessity	necessity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
16	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	deed	deed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **implore** | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pardon** | infinitive | he *not said here* | my presumption |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent presumption=Theme |
| 3 | **drive** | past | necessity | me |  | the deed |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent i=Theme to deed=Trajectory |
| 4 | **presume** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom presumption «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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