---
title: pretence — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pretence» in the school dictionary: Pretence is acting as if something is true when it is not, for example pretending to be asleep or happy. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pretence

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Pretence, something, example, you, smile, she · **What happens:** act, be, pretend, give, hide, make · **To what, where:** false reason, real one, pretence, test, house, meter · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«pretence» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pretence in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pretence.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pretence is acting as if something is true when it is not, for example pretending to be asleep or happy.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:m1:1
# text = Pretence is acting as if something is true when it is not, for example pretending to be asleep or happy.
1	Pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	acting	act	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	_
9	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
16	pretending	pretend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
18	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	cop	_	_
19	asleep	asleep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present · progressive | Pretence |  |  |  |  | for example | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **pretend** | gerund | example *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | to-infinitive | example *not said here* |  |  |  |  | asleep *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **be** |  | example *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pretence can be a false reason given to hide the real one, as in "under the pretence of helping".

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:m2:1
# text = A pretence can be a false reason given to hide the real one, as in "under the pretence of helping".
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	hide	hide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	under	under	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	helping	helping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a pretence | a false reason |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | participle |  | a false reason *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **hide** | to-infinitive |  | the real one |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Make no pretence" means not even trying to look as if you are something.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:m3:1
# text = "Make no pretence" means not even trying to look as if you are something.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
8	even	even	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	trying	try	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	ccomp	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	16	case	_	_
13	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | no pretence |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pretence=Product |
| 2 | **not** **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **try** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **look** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 5 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | as something | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her smile was just a pretence; inside she was sad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x1:1
# text = Her smile was just a pretence; inside she was sad.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	smile	smile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	just	just	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Her smile | a pretence |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | she |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **smile** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom smile «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He kept up the pretence of being ill to miss the test.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x2:1
# text = He kept up the pretence of being ill to miss the test.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nmod	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	miss	miss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep up** | past | He | the pretence |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent pretence=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **miss** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* | the test |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer test=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scammer got into the house under the pretence of checking the meter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x3:1
# text = The scammer got into the house under the pretence of checking the meter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scammer	scammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
10	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	checking	check	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	meter	meter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | the scammer |  |  | the house |  | under the pretence | vn escape-51.1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into house=Destination |
| 2 | **check** | gerund | the pretence *not said here* | the meter |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meter=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's drop the pretence and tell the truth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x4:1
# text = Let's drop the pretence and tell the truth.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	drop	drop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **drop** | infinitive | 's *not said here* | the pretence |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pretence=Theme |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | infinitive | 's *not said here* | the truth |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their game of pretence turned the sofa into a pirate ship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x5:1
# text = Their game of pretence turned the sofa into a pirate ship.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sofa	sofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	pirate	pirate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | past | Their game of pretence | the sofa |  | a pirate ship |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent sofa=Theme into ship=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He made no pretence of liking broccoli.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x6:1
# text = He made no pretence of liking broccoli.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	liking	like	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	broccoli	broccoli	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | He | no pretence |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pretence=Product |
| 2 | **like** | gerund | no pretence *not said here* | broccoli |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot broccoli=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Getting money under false pretences is a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x7:1
# text = Getting money under false pretences is a crime.
1	Getting	get	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	under	under	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pretences	pretence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | gerund |  | money |  | false pretences |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer money=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Getting | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So, under pretence of visiting some small islands that belonged to his father, he set out.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pretence:x8:1
# text = So, under pretence of visiting some small islands that belonged to his father, he set out.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	under	under	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	visiting	visit	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	islands	island	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	belonged	belong	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	set	set	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
18	out	out	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | gerund | pretence *not said here* | some small islands |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent island=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **belong** | past | some small islands |  |  |  |  | to his father | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **set out** | past | he |  |  | pretence |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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