---
title: principle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «principle» in the school dictionary: A basic rule or belief about what is right that guides how someone behaves. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# principle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** basic rule, someone, fact, something, principle, you · **What happens:** be, guide, behave, explain, work, mean · **To what, where:** principle, strong principles, permission, basic principles, matter, turn · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«principle» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [principle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/principle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A basic rule or belief about what is right that guides how someone behaves.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:m1:1
# text = A basic rule or belief about what is right that guides how someone behaves.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	belief	belief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	advcl	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	guides	guide	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
13	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	nsubj	_	_
14	behaves	behave	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **guide** | present | a basic rule or belief |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **behave** | present | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has strong principles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:m1e:1
# text = She has strong principles.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	principles	principle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | She | strong principles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent principle=Patient |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A basic law or fact that explains how something works: the principle of a lever.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:m2:1
# text = A basic law or fact that explains how something works: the principle of a lever.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	explains	explain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nsubj	_	_
10	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	lever	lever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **explain** *speech: assert* | present | fact |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **work** | present | something | the principle of a lever |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«In principle» means in general or in theory, but maybe not in practice.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:m3:1
# text = «In principle» means in general or in theory, but maybe not in practice.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	theory	theory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	maybe	maybe	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | principle |  |  |  |  | in general or theory | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in general=Attribute |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«On principle» means because of what you believe is right.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:m4:1
# text = «On principle» means because of what you believe is right.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	8	case	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	nsubj	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | principle |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **believe** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lying is against my principles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x1:1
# text = Lying is against my principles.
1	Lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	against	against	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	principles	principle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | against my principles | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lever works on a simple principle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x2:1
# text = A lever works on a simple principle.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lever	lever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | a lever |  |  |  |  | on a simple principle | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on principle=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In principle, we can go, but we need permission first.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x3:1
# text = In principle, we can go, but we need permission first.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
11	permission	permission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
12	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | can | we |  |  | principle |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in principle=Location |
| 2 | **need** | present | we | permission |  |  |  | first *property* | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot permission=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He refused to cheat on principle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x4:1
# text = He refused to cheat on principle.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	refused	refuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	cheat	cheat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refuse** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **cheat** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* |  |  | principle |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Learn the basic principles of addition.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x5:1
# text = Learn the basic principles of addition.
1	Learn	learn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	principles	principle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | imperative | you *not said here* | the basic principles of addition |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent principle=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It's a matter of principle, not money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x6:1
# text = It's a matter of principle, not money.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	matter	matter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a matter and money |  |  |  | of principle | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The principle of fairness means everyone gets a turn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x7:1
# text = The principle of fairness means everyone gets a turn.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	fairness	fairness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	7	nsubj	_	_
7	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	turn	turn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the principle of fairness |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **get** | present | everyone | a turn |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer turn=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Floating boats follow the principle of displacement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x8:1
# text = Floating boats follow the principle of displacement.
1	Floating	float	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	amod	_	_
2	boats	boat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	follow	follow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	displacement	displacement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **float** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **follow** | present | Floating boats | the principle of displacement |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent principle=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Weasel said he couldn't do that because he was an enemy of all birds on principle.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:principle:x9:1
# text = The Weasel said he couldn't do that because he was an enemy of all birds on principle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Weasel	Weasel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	obj	_	_
9	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	advcl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
16	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Weasel |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **do** | could | Weasel | that |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Eventuality |
| 3 | **is a** | past | Weasel | a enemy |  |  |  | of all birds on principle | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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