---
title: privately — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «privately» in the school dictionary: Without other people being there or knowing; in secret or alone. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# privately

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** other people, she, your, I, film, we · **What happens:** be, know, not say, think, own, pay · **To what, where:** secret, book, small numbers, shops, you, him · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«privately» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [privately in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/privately.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Without other people being there or knowing; in secret or alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:m1:1
# text = Without other people being there or knowing; in secret or alone.
1	Without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	cop	_	_
5	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	knowing	know	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | other people |  |  | secret |  | there *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | gerund | other people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In your own thoughts, not said out loud: «privately, she was scared».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:m2:1
# text = In your own thoughts, not said out loud: «privately, she was scared».
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	thoughts	thought	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
8	out	out	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	loud	loud	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **say** *speech: assert* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | loud *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | past | she |  |  |  |  | privately, scared *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **think** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom thought «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Owned or paid for by a person or company, not the government: «a privately owned park».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:m3:1
# text = Owned or paid for by a person or company, not the government: «a privately owned park».
1	Owned	own	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
17	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	owned	own	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pay** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for a person or company and the government | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for person=Theme |
| 3 | **own** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | privately *property* | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A book that is privately printed is printed in small numbers for friends and is not sold in shops.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:m4:1
# text = A book that is privately printed is printed in small numbers for friends and is not sold in shops.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	printed	print	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	printed	print	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
16	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	17	advmod	_	_
17	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	shops	shop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **print** | present · passive |  | a book |  |  |  | privately *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **print** | present · passive |  | a book |  | small numbers for friends |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in number=Destination |
| 3 | **not** **sell** | present · passive |  |  |  | shops |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient» |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can I talk to you privately, Miss?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x1:1
# text = Can I talk to you privately, Miss?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	talk	talk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	Miss	Miss	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **talk** | can | I |  | you |  |  | privately *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to you=Co-Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She spoke to him privately after class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x2:1
# text = She spoke to him privately after class.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	_
5	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | She |  | him *= he* |  | after class | privately *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to he=Co-Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Privately, I thought the film was boring.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x3:1
# text = Privately, I thought the film was boring.
1	Privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	boring	boring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | past | I |  |  |  |  | privately *property* | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the film |  |  |  |  | boring *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The forest is privately owned, so we can't go in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x4:1
# text = The forest is privately owned, so we can't go in.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	owned	own	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | present · passive |  | the forest |  |  |  | privately *property* | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **go in** | can | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He changed privately in the cubicle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x5:1
# text = He changed privately in the cubicle.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cubicle	cubicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | past | He |  |  | the cubicle |  | privately *property* | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some schools are run privately.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x6:1
# text = Some schools are run privately.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	run	run	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present · passive |  | some schools |  |  |  | privately *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mr. Clouston has remarks on the raven as omen-bird in his notes to Mrs. Saxby's Birds of Omen in Shetland (privately printed, 1893).

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:privately:x7:1
# text = Mr. Clouston has remarks on the raven as omen-bird in his notes to Mrs. Saxby's Birds of Omen in Shetland (privately printed, 1893).
1	Mr.	Mr.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod:desc	_	_
2	Clouston	Clouston	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	remarks	remark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	raven	raven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	omen	omen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	Mrs.	Mrs.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	Saxby	Saxby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	Birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Omen	Omen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	Shetland	Shetland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	privately	privately	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	printed	print	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Clouston  Mr. | remarks |  | the raven as omen bird in Clouston's notes to Mrs. Saxby's Birds |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent remark=Patient |
| 2 | **print** | participle | Mrs. Saxby's Birds *not said here* | 1893 |  |  |  | of Omen in Shetland; privately *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 1893=Theme |
| 3 | **note** |  | Clouston |  |  |  |  | to Mrs. Saxby's Birds | nom note «communication transitive»: poss=agent to=obl |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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