---
title: promulgated — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «promulgated» in the school dictionary: Made a new law or rule official by announcing it publicly: «The new law was promulgated in May.». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# promulgated

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, emperor, students, Rumours, council · **What happens:** make, announce, promulgate, spread, not be · **To what, where:** new law, rule, idea, ideas, books, new set · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«promulgated» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [promulgated in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/promulgated.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal, law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Made a new law or rule official by announcing it publicly: «The new law was promulgated in May.».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:m1:1
# text = Made a new law or rule official by announcing it publicly: «The new law was promulgated in May.».
1	Made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
8	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	announcing	announce	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	publicly	publicly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	May	May	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past |  | a new law or rule |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset law=Product |
| 2 | **announce** *speech: other* | gerund |  | rule |  |  |  | publicly *property* | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **promulgate** *speech: other* *in a quote* | past · passive |  | the new law |  |  | may |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spread an idea or belief widely among people: «The ideas were promulgated through books and sermons.».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:m2:1
# text = Spread an idea or belief widely among people: «The ideas were promulgated through books and sermons.».
1	Spread	spread	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	belief	belief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	widely	widely	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
7	among	among	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
15	through	through	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	sermons	sermon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | imperative | you *not said here* | a idea or belief |  |  |  | among people; widely *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **promulgate** *speech: other* *in a quote* | past · passive |  | the ideas |  | books and sermons |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The emperor promulgated a new set of laws.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:x1:1
# text = The emperor promulgated a new set of laws.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promulgate** *speech: other* | past | the emperor | a new set of laws |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent set=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rules were promulgated on the school website.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:x2:1
# text = The rules were promulgated on the school website.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	website	website	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promulgate** *speech: other* | past · passive |  | the rules |  | the school website |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His ideas were promulgated by his students.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:x3:1
# text = His ideas were promulgated by his students.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promulgate** *speech: other* | past · passive | his students | His ideas |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent subject=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The constitution was promulgated after the war.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:x4:1
# text = The constitution was promulgated after the war.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	constitution	constitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promulgate** *speech: other* | past · passive |  | the constitution |  |  | after the war |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rumours promulgated online are not always true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:x5:1
# text = Rumours promulgated online are not always true.
1	Rumours	rumour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
2	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	online	online	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
6	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	7	advmod	_	_
7	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promulgate** *speech: other* | participle |  | Rumours *not said here* |  |  |  | online *property* | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | Rumours |  |  |  |  | always, true *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The council promulgated a ban on fireworks in the park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:promulgated:x6:1
# text = The council promulgated a ban on fireworks in the park.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	council	council	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	promulgated	promulgate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ban	ban	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	fireworks	firework	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promulgate** *speech: other* | past | the council | a ban |  | fireworks |  | in the park | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent ban=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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