---
title: proven — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «proven» in the school dictionary: Shown to be true by facts or evidence. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/proven/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [P](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/) / proven

# proven

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** court verdict, enough evidence, It, Earth, This, She · **What happens:** show, be, test, know, prove, not prove · **To what, where:** court verdict, proven fact, proven way, spellings, rule, Nothing · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«proven» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [proven in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/proven.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shown to be true by facts or evidence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:m1:1
# text = Shown to be true by facts or evidence.
1	Shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	parataxis	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tested and known to work: a proven method.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:m2:1
# text = Tested and known to work: a proven method.
1	Tested	test	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **know** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | to work | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **prove** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law, Scotland — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Not proven» is a court verdict meaning there was not enough evidence.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:m3:1
# text = «Not proven» is a court verdict meaning there was not enough evidence.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	verdict	verdict	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	11	expl	_	_
11	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
13	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **prove** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | a court verdict |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | gerund | a court verdict *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **not** **be** | past | enough evidence |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a proven fact that the Earth goes round the Sun.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:x1:1
# text = It is a proven fact that the Earth goes round the Sun.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl	_	_
10	round	round	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Sun.	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | It | a proven fact |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **go** | present | the Earth | a proven fact *not said here* |  |  | sunday |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location fact=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This is a proven way to learn spellings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:x2:1
# text = This is a proven way to learn spellings.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl	_	_
8	spellings	spelling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | This | a proven way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **learn** | to-infinitive |  | spellings |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rule has been proven for all whole numbers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:x3:1
# text = The rule has been proven for all whole numbers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
8	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | present · perfect · passive |  | the rule |  |  |  | for all whole numbers | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nothing has been proven yet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:x4:1
# text = Nothing has been proven yet.
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | present · perfect · passive |  | Nothing |  |  | yet |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is a proven winner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:x5:1
# text = She is a proven winner.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	winner	winner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | She | a proven winner |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The advert says it is clinically proven.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:proven:x6:1
# text = The advert says it is clinically proven.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	advert	advert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
6	clinically	clinically	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the advert |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **prove** | present · passive |  | advert |  |  |  | clinically *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [prove](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/prove/)
- next →: [provenance](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/provenance/)
- ↑ back to [P in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/)