---
title: ps — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ps» in the school dictionary: Short for «postscript»: an extra note added at the end of a letter or email after the signature. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ps

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** PS, I, party, letter, Her, you · **What happens:** add, not forget, forget, not say, start, have · **To what, where:** extra note, end, scarf, it, PS., PS · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ps» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ps in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ps.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Short for «postscript»: an extra note added at the end of a letter or email after the signature.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:m1:1
# text = Short for «postscript»: an extra note added at the end of a letter or email after the signature.
1	Short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	postscript	postscript	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	email	email	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	after	after	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	signature	signature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle |  | a extra note *not said here* |  |  | at the end of a letter or email after the signature |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK schools — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sometimes short for other things, such as «primary school», or a part number like «PS4» for a games console.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:m2:1
# text = Sometimes short for other things, such as «primary school», or a part number like «PS4» for a games console.
1	Sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	2	advmod	_	_
2	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	primary	primary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	PS4	PS4	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
22	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	compound	_	_
25	console	console	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Love, Gran. PS Don't forget your scarf!

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Love, Gran.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x1:1
# text = Love, Gran.
1	Love	love	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* PS Don't forget your scarf!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x1:2
# text = PS Don't forget your scarf!
1	PS	p	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	Do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	forget	forget	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	scarf	scarf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **forget** | present · do-support | PS | your scarf |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I forgot to say it, so I added a PS.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x2:1
# text = I forgot to say it, so I added a PS.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forgot	forget	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	added	add	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	PS.	ps.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forget** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic |
| 3 | **add** *speech: assert* | past | I | a PS. |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ps.=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
PS The party starts at three.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x3:1
# text = PS The party starts at three.
1	PS	ps	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	starts	start	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | present | the party | PS *not said here* |  | three |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ps=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her letter had a PS and a PPS.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x4:1
# text = Her letter had a PS and a PPS.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	PS	ps	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	PPS	PPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Her letter | a PS and a PPS |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ps=Patient |
| 2 | **letter** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom letter «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write a PS to remind them about the money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x5:1
# text = Write a PS to remind them about the money.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	PS	ps	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	remind	remind	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	iobj	_	_
7	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | a PS |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ps=Theme |
| 2 | **remind** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  | them *= they* |  |  | about the money | vn tell-37.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He got a PS4 for his birthday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ps:x6:1
# text = He got a PS4 for his birthday.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	PS4	PS4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | He | a PS4 |  |  |  | for his birthday | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent ps4=Theme for birthday=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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