---
title: puma — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «puma» in the school dictionary: A puma is a large wild cat of North and South America with a plain sandy-brown coat and a long tail. It is also called a cougar or mountain lion. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# puma

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** puma, Pumas, spots, cubs · **What happens:** be, call, leap, stalk, live, bear · **To what, where:** large wild cat, puma, tree, deer, forest, three names · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«puma» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [puma in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/puma.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A puma is a large wild cat of North and South America with a plain sandy-brown coat and a long tail. It is also called a cougar or mountain lion.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A puma is a large wild cat of North and South America with a plain sandy-brown coat and a long tail.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:m1:1
# text = A puma is a large wild cat of North and South America with a plain sandy-brown coat and a long tail.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
15	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
16	sandy	sandy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a puma | a large wild cat |  |  |  | of North America; with a plain brown coat and a long tail | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* It is also called a cougar or mountain lion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:m1:2
# text = It is also called a cougar or mountain lion.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cougar	cougar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | puma |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A puma can leap high into a tree.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x1:1
# text = A puma can leap high into a tree.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	leap	leap	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leap** | can | a puma |  |  | a tree |  | high *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into tree=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puma stalked a deer through the forest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x2:1
# text = The puma stalked a deer through the forest.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stalked	stalk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	deer	deer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stalk** | past | the puma | a deer |  | the forest |  |  | vn stalk-35.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent deer=Theme through forest=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pumas live alone except for mothers with cubs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x3:1
# text = Pumas live alone except for mothers with cubs.
1	Pumas	puma	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	except	except	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	mothers	mother	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	cubs	cub	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Pumas |  |  |  |  | except mothers with cubs; alone *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Puma, cougar and mountain lion are three names for the same cat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x4:1
# text = Puma, cougar and mountain lion are three names for the same cat.
1	Puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	cougar	cougar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Puma and cougar and mountain lion | three names |  |  |  | for the same cat | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Puma cubs are born with spots that fade as they grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x5:1
# text = Puma cubs are born with spots that fade as they grow.
1	Puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	cubs	cub	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	born	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	fade	fade	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bear** | present · passive |  | Puma cubs |  |  |  | with spots | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **fade** | present | spots |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **grow** | present | cubs *= cub* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hikers in Canada were warned about a puma nearby.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x6:1
# text = Hikers in Canada were warned about a puma nearby.
1	Hikers	hiker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	warned	warn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	nearby	nearby	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warn** *speech: warn* | past · passive |  | Hikers in Canada |  |  |  | about a puma | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP PP.topic»: subject=Recipient about puma=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But the puma easily saw through these excuses, and laughed at him.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puma:x7:1
# text = But the puma easily saw through these excuses, and laughed at him.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	puma	puma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	excuses	excuse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the puma |  |  | this excuses |  | easily *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **laugh** | past | the puma *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at puma | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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