---
title: pumice — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pumice» in the school dictionary: Pumice is a very light, rough grey rock full of tiny holes, made when frothy lava from a volcano cools quickly; it can float on water. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pumice

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Pumice, frothy lava, lava, pumice stone, only rock, bubbly lava · **What happens:** be, make, cool, float, use, rub away · **To what, where:** light, water, piece, rock, hard skin, feet

<!-- .vabout -->
«pumice» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pumice in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pumice.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pumice is a very light, rough grey rock full of tiny holes, made when frothy lava from a volcano cools quickly; it can float on water.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:m1:1
# text = Pumice is a very light, rough grey rock full of tiny holes, made when frothy lava from a volcano cools quickly; it can float on water.
1	Pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	grey	grey	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
16	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	22	mark	_	_
17	frothy	frothy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	cools	cool	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
23	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	float	float	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
28	on	on	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Pumice | a light and rough grey rock |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a light and rough grey rock *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **cool** | present | frothy lava from a volcano |  |  |  |  | quickly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **float** | can | lava |  |  | water |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on water=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pumice stone is a piece of this rock used to rub away hard skin, for example on your feet.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:m2:1
# text = A pumice stone is a piece of this rock used to rub away hard skin, for example on your feet.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	rub	rub	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	away	away	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a pumice stone | a piece |  |  |  | of this rock | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | this rock *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **rub away** | to-infinitive |  | hard skin |  | your feet |  | for example; away *property* | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent skin=Theme on foot=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pumice is the only rock that floats on water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x1:1
# text = Pumice is the only rock that floats on water.
1	Pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	floats	float	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Pumice | the only rock |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **float** | present | the only rock |  |  | water |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on water=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pumice forms when bubbly lava cools very quickly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x2:1
# text = Pumice forms when bubbly lava cools very quickly.
1	Pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	6	mark	_	_
4	bubbly	bubbly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	cools	cool	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | Pumice |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cool** | present | bubbly lava |  |  |  |  | quickly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nan uses a pumice stone on her heels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x3:1
# text = Nan uses a pumice stone on her heels.
1	Nan	Nan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	heels	heel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Nan | a pumice stone |  | Nan's heels |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the eruption, a raft of pumice floated across the Pacific.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x4:1
# text = After the eruption, a raft of pumice floated across the Pacific.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	eruption	eruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	floated	float	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	across	across	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Pacific	Pacific	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **float** | participle · passive |  | a raft of pumice |  | the Pacific | after the eruption |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: subject=Theme across pacific=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We tested rocks in water, and the pumice floated.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x5:1
# text = We tested rocks in water, and the pumice floated.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tested	test	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	floated	float	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | past | We | rocks |  | water |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rock=Theme |
| 2 | **float** | past | the pumice |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pumice is rough, light and full of holes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x6:1
# text = Pumice is rough, light and full of holes.
1	Pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Pumice |  |  |  |  | rough *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Pumice *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of holes | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some toothpastes and cleaners contain powdered pumice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pumice:x7:1
# text = Some toothpastes and cleaners contain powdered pumice.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	toothpastes	toothpaste	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	cleaners	cleaner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	contain	contain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	powdered	powder	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	pumice	pumice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | some toothpastes and cleaners | powdered pumice |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot pumice=Theme |
| 2 | **powder** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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