---
title: puncture — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «puncture» in the school dictionary: A puncture is a small hole made by something sharp, especially in a tyre so that the air comes out. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# puncture

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** puncture, air, puncture wound, I, Dad, nail · **What happens:** be, make, come out, puncture, get, show · **To what, where:** small hole, something, deep small wound, puncture, bike, me

<!-- .vabout -->
«puncture» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [puncture in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/puncture.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A puncture is a small hole made by something sharp, especially in a tyre so that the air comes out.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:m1:1
# text = A puncture is a small hole made by something sharp, especially in a tyre so that the air comes out.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puncture	puncture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl:agent	_	_
10	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	tyre	tyre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
16	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	20	mark	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
21	out	out	ADP	RP	_	20	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a puncture | a small hole |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a small hole *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **come out** | present | the air |  |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To puncture something is to make a small hole in it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:m2:1
# text = To puncture something is to make a small hole in it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	puncture	puncture	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **puncture** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | make *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A puncture wound is a deep, small wound made by something pointed, like a nail.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:m3:1
# text = A puncture wound is a deep, small wound made by something pointed, like a nail.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	puncture	puncture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	wound	wound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	wound	wound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obl:agent	_	_
13	pointed	pointed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a puncture wound | a deep small wound |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a deep small wound *not said here* |  |  |  | like a nail | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I got a puncture on my bike on the way to school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:x1:1
# text = I got a puncture on my bike on the way to school.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	puncture	puncture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | I | a puncture |  | my bike |  | on the way to school | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent puncture=Theme on bike=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad showed me how to mend a puncture.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:x2:1
# text = Dad showed me how to mend a puncture.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	mend	mend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	puncture	puncture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Dad |  | me |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent i=Recipient |
| 2 | **mend** | to-infinitive | Dad *not said here* | a puncture |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A nail punctured the car tyre.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:x3:1
# text = A nail punctured the car tyre.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	punctured	puncture	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	tyre	tyre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **puncture** | past | a nail | the car tyre |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tyre=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be careful: the pin could puncture the balloon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:x4:1
# text = Be careful: the pin could puncture the balloon.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pin	pin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	puncture	puncture	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	balloon	balloon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | careful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **puncture** | could | the pin | the balloon |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent balloon=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A puncture wound from a rusty nail needs a doctor's check.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:x5:1
# text = A puncture wound from a rusty nail needs a doctor's check.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	puncture	puncture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	wound	wound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
8	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	check	check	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | a puncture wound from a rusty nail | a doctor's check |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot check=Theme |
| 2 | **check** |  | a doctor |  |  |  |  |  | nom check «possession intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We carry a puncture repair kit on long rides.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:puncture:x6:1
# text = We carry a puncture repair kit on long rides.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	puncture	puncture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	repair	repair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	kit	kit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	rides	ride	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | We | a repair kit |  | long rides |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kit=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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