---
title: quinine — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «quinine» in the school dictionary: Quinine is a bitter medicine made from the bark of the cinchona tree from South America, used for a long time to treat malaria. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# quinine

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Quinine, water, Tonic water, Explorers, Doctors · **What happens:** be, make, use, treat, give, taste · **To what, where:** bitter medicine, bark, malaria, tonic water, quinine, UV lamp

<!-- .vabout -->
«quinine» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [quinine in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/quinine.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Quinine is a bitter medicine made from the bark of the cinchona tree from South America, used for a long time to treat malaria.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:m1:1
# text = Quinine is a bitter medicine made from the bark of the cinchona tree from South America, used for a long time to treat malaria.
1	Quinine	Quinine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	treat	treat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	acl	_	_
25	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Quinine | a bitter medicine |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a bitter medicine *not said here* |  | the bark of the cinchona tree from South America |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from bark=Material |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  | a bitter medicine *not said here* |  |  | time |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **treat** | to-infinitive |  | malaria |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent malaria=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Quinine gives tonic water its bitter taste.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:m2:1
# text = Quinine gives tonic water its bitter taste.
1	Quinine	Quinine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	tonic	tonic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present | Quinine | tonic water |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent water=Recipient taste=Theme |
| 2 | **taste** |  | water |  |  |  |  |  | nom taste «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x1:1
# text = Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.
1	Quinine	Quinine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Quinine |  |  | the bark of the cinchona tree |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from bark=Initial\_Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For hundreds of years quinine was used to treat malaria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x2:1
# text = For hundreds of years quinine was used to treat malaria.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	quinine	quinine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	treat	treat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
10	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past · passive |  | quinine |  |  |  | for hundreds of years | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for hundred=Eventuality |
| 2 | **treat** | to-infinitive |  | malaria |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent malaria=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tonic water tastes bitter because it contains quinine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x3:1
# text = Tonic water tastes bitter because it contains quinine.
1	Tonic	tonic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tastes	taste	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	quinine	quinine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | present | Tonic water |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **contain** | present | water | quinine |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot quinine=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Under a UV lamp, tonic water glows blue because of the quinine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x4:1
# text = Under a UV lamp, tonic water glows blue because of the quinine.
1	Under	under	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	UV	ultra-violet	NOUN	NN	Abbr=Yes|Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	lamp	lamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	tonic	tonic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	glows	glow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
10	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	13	case	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	quinine	quinine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **glow** | present | tonic water |  |  | a UV lamp |  | because the quinine; blue *property* | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under lamp=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Explorers carried quinine to protect themselves from malaria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x5:1
# text = Explorers carried quinine to protect themselves from malaria.
1	Explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	quinine	quinine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | Explorers | quinine |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quinine=Theme |
| 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive | Explorers *not said here* | Explorers *= explorer* |  |  |  | from malaria | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent themselves=Beneficiary from malaria=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Doctors now use newer medicines for malaria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x6:1
# text = Doctors now use newer medicines for malaria.
1	Doctors	doctor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
3	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	newer	new	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	medicines	medicine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Doctors | newer medicines |  |  | now | for malaria | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent medicine=Theme for malaria=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Quinine is very bitter, so it was mixed into drinks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:quinine:x7:1
# text = Quinine is very bitter, so it was mixed into drinks.
1	Quinine	Quinine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
10	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	drinks	drink	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Quinine |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **mix** | past · passive |  | it |  |  |  | into drinks | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient into drink=Co-Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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