---
title: raf — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «raf» in the school dictionary: The RAF: the Royal Air Force, the air force of the United Kingdom, founded in 1918. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# raf

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** RAAF, great grandad, RAF, Red Arrows, RAF base, She · **What happens:** found, be, name, fly, win, join · **To what, where:** RAF, 1918, same way, Spitfires, Battle, 1940

<!-- .vabout -->
«raf» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [raf in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/raf.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: abbreviation — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The RAF: the Royal Air Force, the air force of the United Kingdom, founded in 1918.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:m1:1
# text = The RAF: the Royal Air Force, the air force of the United Kingdom, founded in 1918.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	RAF	raf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	Royal	Royal	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	Air	Air	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Force	Force	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	United	United	PROPN	NNP	_	15	flat	_	_
15	Kingdom	Kingdom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	founded	found	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	1918	1918	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **found** | participle |  | the RAF  the Royal Air Force *not said here* |  | 1918 |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Australia, NZ, Canada — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
RAAF, RNZAF and RCAF are the Royal Australian, New Zealand and Canadian Air Forces, named in the same way.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:m2:1
# text = RAAF, RNZAF and RCAF are the Royal Australian, New Zealand and Canadian Air Forces, named in the same way.
1	RAAF	RAAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	RNZAF	RNZAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	RCAF	RCAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Royal	Royal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	Australian	Australian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
12	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	Canadian	Canadian	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	16	compound	_	_
15	Air	Air	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	Forces	Force	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | RAAF and RCAF |  |  |  |  | New Zealand and Canadian Air Forces *obl*; australian *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** | participle | RAAF and RCAF *not said here* |  |  | the same way |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My great-grandad flew Spitfires in the RAF.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:x1:1
# text = My great-grandad flew Spitfires in the RAF.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	grandad	grandad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	Spitfires	spitfire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	RAF	RAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | My great grandad | Spitfires |  | the RAF |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent spitfire=Theme in raf=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The RAF won the Battle of Britain in 1940.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:x2:1
# text = The RAF won the Battle of Britain in 1940.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	RAF	RAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Battle	Battle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	1940	1940	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | the RAF | the Battle of Britain |  | 1940 |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent battle=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Red Arrows are the RAF's display team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:x3:1
# text = The Red Arrows are the RAF's display team.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Red	Red	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Arrows	Arrow	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	RAF	RAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	display	display	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Red Arrows | the RAF's display team |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is an RAF base near our town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:x4:1
# text = There is an RAF base near our town.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	RAF	raf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	base	base	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	near	near	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a RAF base near our town |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She joined the RAF as an engineer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:x5:1
# text = She joined the RAF as an engineer.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	RAF	RAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	engineer	engineer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | past | She | the RAF |  |  |  | as a engineer | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent raf=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Winston Churchill praised the RAF pilots as «the few».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raf:x6:1
# text = Winston Churchill praised the RAF pilots as «the few».
1	Winston	Winston	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Churchill	Churchill	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	praised	praise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	RAF	RAF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	pilots	pilot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **praise** | past | Winston | the RAF pilots |  |  |  | the few *obl* | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pilot=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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