---
title: raft — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «raft» in the school dictionary: A raft is a flat floating platform, often made of logs, planks or barrels tied together, used to travel on water. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# raft

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** raft, They, stick raft, sailors, We, you · **What happens:** float, be, make, tie, use, travel · **To what, where:** flat floating platform, barrels, water, inflatable rubber boat, large number, raft

<!-- .vabout -->
«raft» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [raft in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/raft.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A raft is a flat floating platform, often made of logs, planks or barrels tied together, used to travel on water.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:m1:1
# text = A raft is a flat floating platform, often made of logs, planks or barrels tied together, used to travel on water.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	floating	float	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	platform	platform	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	often	often	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	logs	log	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	planks	plank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	barrels	barrel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
17	tied	tie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	together	together	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	parataxis	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	travel	travel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
23	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **float** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a raft | a flat floating platform |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  | a flat floating platform *not said here* |  |  |  | of logs and planks or barrels; often *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **tie** | participle |  | barrels *not said here* |  |  |  | together *property* | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 6 | **travel** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | water |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on water=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A raft is also an inflatable rubber boat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:m2:1
# text = A raft is also an inflatable rubber boat.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	inflatable	inflatable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	rubber	rubber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a raft | a inflatable rubber boat |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A raft of things means a large number of them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:m3:1
# text = A raft of things means a large number of them.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | a raft of things | a large number of things |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To raft means to travel on a raft, especially down a river (rafting).

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:m4:1
# text = To raft means to travel on a raft, especially down a river (rafting).
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	travel	travel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	down	down	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	rafting	rafting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | raft |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **travel** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | raft *not said here* |  |  | a raft |  | down a river | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on raft=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They built a raft from logs and rope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x1:1
# text = They built a raft from logs and rope.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	logs	log	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | They | a raft |  | logs and rope |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset raft=Product from log=Material |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our lolly-stick raft held twenty coins before it sank.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x2:1
# text = Our lolly-stick raft held twenty coins before it sank.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lolly	lolly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	coins	coin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	sank	sink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | participle | Our stick raft | twenty coins |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coin=Theme |
| 2 | **sink** | past | raft |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sailors climbed into the life raft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x3:1
# text = The sailors climbed into the life raft.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	climbed	climb	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **climb** | past | the sailors |  |  | the life raft |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into raft=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went rafting down the river with a guide.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x4:1
# text = We went rafting down the river with a guide.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rafting	raft	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	guide	guide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **raft** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  | the river |  | with a guide | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V PP.location»: agent=Theme down river=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always wear a life jacket on a raft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x5:1
# text = Always wear a life jacket on a raft.
1	Always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	2	advmod	_	_
2	wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	jacket	jacket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | a life jacket |  | a raft |  | always *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent jacket=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The council announced a raft of new ideas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x6:1
# text = The council announced a raft of new ideas.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	council	council	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	announced	announce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **announce** *speech: other* | past | the council | a raft of new ideas |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent raft=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A raft of ducks floated on the pond.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x7:1
# text = A raft of ducks floated on the pond.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	ducks	duck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	floated	float	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	pond	pond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **float** | participle |  | ducks *not said here* |  | the pond |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on pond=Trajectory |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dorothy sat down in the middle of the raft and held Toto in her arms.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:raft:x8:1
# text = Dorothy sat down in the middle of the raft and held Toto in her arms.
1	Dorothy	Dorothy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	Toto	Toto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit down** | past | Dorothy |  |  | the middle of the raft |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in middle=Location |
| 2 | **hold** | past | Dorothy *not said here* | Toto |  | Dorothy's arms |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent toto=Theme in arm=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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