---
title: ragged — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ragged» in the school dictionary: Old and torn, with holes and loose threads: «a ragged coat». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ragged

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** They, poor boy, you, edge, Norway, band · **What happens:** tear, wear, tease, rag, be, have · **To what, where:** old torn clothes, him, ragged coat, paper, ragged coastline, ragged performance · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ragged» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ragged in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ragged.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old and torn, with holes and loose threads: «a ragged coat».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:m1:1
# text = Old and torn, with holes and loose threads: «a ragged coat».
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	torn	tear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	loose	loose	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	threads	thread	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wearing old, torn clothes: «a ragged child».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:m2:1
# text = Wearing old, torn clothes: «a ragged child».
1	Wearing	wear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	torn	tear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | gerund |  | old torn clothes |  |  |  | a ragged child *obl* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent clothes=Source |
| 2 | **tear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough and uneven at the edges, not smooth: «a ragged coastline», «ragged clouds».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:m3:1
# text = Rough and uneven at the edges, not smooth: «a ragged coastline», «ragged clouds».
1	Rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	edges	edge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	coastline	coastline	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not well together; untidy, uneven or tired: «a ragged performance», «ragged breathing».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:m4:1
# text = Not well together; untidy, uneven or tired: «a ragged performance», «ragged breathing».
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
2	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
3	together	together	ADV	RB	_	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	untidy	untidy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	performance	performance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	breathing	breathing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb form — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Past of «rag» (to tease): «They ragged him about his hat.» (UK, old-fashioned).

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Past of «rag» (to tease): «They ragged him about his hat.»

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:m5:1
# text = Past of «rag» (to tease): «They ragged him about his hat.»
1	Past	past	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	rag	rag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	tease	tease	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	ragged	rag	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	about	about	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tease** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | past rag | vn ferret-35.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **rag** *in a quote* | past | They | him *= he* |  |  |  | about his hat | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus he=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (UK, old-fashioned).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:m5:2
# text = (UK, old-fashioned).
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poor boy in the story wore a ragged coat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x1:1
# text = The poor boy in the story wore a ragged coat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the poor boy in the story | a ragged coat |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent coat=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tear the paper slowly or the edge will be ragged.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x2:1
# text = Tear the paper slowly or the edge will be ragged.
1	Tear	tear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tear** | imperative | you *not said here* | the paper |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location paper=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | future | the edge |  |  |  |  | ragged *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Norway has a ragged coastline full of fjords.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x3:1
# text = Norway has a ragged coastline full of fjords.
1	Norway	Norway	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	coastline	coastline	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	fjords	fjord	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Norway | a ragged coastline |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coastline=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The band gave a ragged performance after no practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x4:1
# text = The band gave a ragged performance after no practice.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	band	band	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	performance	performance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	9	det	_	_
9	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the band | a ragged performance |  |  | after no practice |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent performance=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Looking after twins runs Mum ragged.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x5:1
# text = Looking after twins runs Mum ragged.
1	Looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	csubj	_	_
2	after	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	twins	twin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
4	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	ragged	rag	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  | after twins |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **run** | present | Looking |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **rag** | past | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His breathing was ragged after the race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x6:1
# text = His breathing was ragged after the race.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	breathing	breathing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	ragged	rag	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rag** | past · passive |  | His breathing |  |  | after the race |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 2 | **breathe** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom breathing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scarecrow's ragged hat flapped in the wind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x7:1
# text = The scarecrow's ragged hat flapped in the wind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scarecrow	scarecrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	flapped	flap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flap** | past | the scarecrow's ragged hat |  |  | the wind |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in wind=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I'm Elfin, the pig keeper," said the ragged youth.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ragged:x8:1
# text = "I'm Elfin, the pig keeper," said the ragged youth.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	Elfin	Elfin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	pig	pig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	keeper	keeper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
11	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | Elfin | Elfin |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Elfin | the ragged youth |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent youth=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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