---
title: reduction — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «reduction» in the school dictionary: A reduction is making something smaller or less, or the amount by which it is made smaller. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# reduction

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** reduction, amount, % reduction, book, We, photo · **What happens:** make, be, mean, simplify, cost, reduce · **To what, where:** something, reduction, lower price, maths, shape, fraction

<!-- .vabout -->
«reduction» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [reduction in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/reduction.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A reduction is making something smaller or less, or the amount by which it is made smaller.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:m1:1
# text = A reduction is making something smaller or less, or the amount by which it is made smaller.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	xcomp	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	obl	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl:relcl	_	_
18	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · progressive | a reduction | something |  |  |  | small *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive | the amount | reduction |  |  |  | small *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A reduction in a shop is a lower price; a discount.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:m2:1
# text = A reduction in a shop is a lower price; a discount.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	discount	discount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a reduction in a shop | a lower price and a discount |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In maths, reduction can mean making a shape or picture smaller by a scale factor, or simplifying a fraction.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:m3:1
# text = In maths, reduction can mean making a shape or picture smaller by a scale factor, or simplifying a fraction.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	xcomp	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	scale	scale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	factor	factor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	simplifying	simplify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	conj	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	fraction	fraction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | reduction |  |  | maths |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** *not said to happen* | gerund | reduction *not said here* | a shape or picture |  |  |  | by a scale factor; small *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shape=Product |
| 3 | **simplify** | gerund | reduction *not said here* | a fraction |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is a 10% reduction on all toys.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x1:1
# text = There is a 10% reduction on all toys.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	toys	toy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a % reduction on all toys |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The reduction in speed made the road safer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x2:1
# text = The reduction in speed made the road safer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	safer	safe	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the reduction in speed | the road |  |  |  | safe *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset road=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A reduction of 5 dollars makes the book cost 15 dollars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x3:1
# text = A reduction of 5 dollars makes the book cost 15 dollars.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	cost	cost	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	xcomp	_	_
10	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a reduction of 5 dollars | the book |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cost** | present | the book *not said here* | 15 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme dollar=Value |
| 3 | **reduce** |  |  | 5 dollars |  |  |  |  | nom reduction «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We want a reduction in plastic waste.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x4:1
# text = We want a reduction in plastic waste.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	want	want	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	plastic	plastic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | present | We | a reduction |  | plastic waste |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot reduction=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photo is a reduction of the real painting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x5:1
# text = The photo is a reduction of the real painting.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the photo | a reduction |  |  |  | of the real painting | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new rule led to a big reduction in litter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x6:1
# text = The new rule led to a big reduction in litter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | the new rule |  |  |  |  | to a big reduction in litter | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to reduction=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Find the price after a reduction of a quarter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x7:1
# text = Find the price after a reduction of a quarter.
1	Find	find	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	quarter	quarter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | imperative | you *not said here* | the price |  |  | after a reduction of a quarter |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent price=Topic |
| 2 | **reduce** |  |  | a quarter |  |  |  |  | nom reduction «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Writing 4/8 as 1/2 is a reduction to simplest form.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reduction:x8:1
# text = Writing 4/8 as 1/2 is a reduction to simplest form.
1	Writing	write	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	4/8	4/8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	obj	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	1/2	1/2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
9	simplest	simple	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	10	amod	_	_
10	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | gerund |  | 4/8 |  |  |  | as 1/2 | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent 4/8=Result as 1/2=Attribute |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Writing | a reduction |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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