---
title: refugee — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «refugee» in the school dictionary: A refugee is a person who has had to leave their home country because of war, danger or being treated cruelly, and who has gone to live somewhere safer. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# refugee

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** refugee, person, anyone, refugees, new girl, family · **What happens:** be, have, leave, treat, go, live · **To what, where:** person, home country, refugees, place, refugee, country · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«refugee» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [refugee in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/refugee.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A refugee is a person who has had to leave their home country because of war, danger or being treated cruelly, and who has gone to live somewhere safer.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:m1:1
# text = A refugee is a person who has had to leave their home country because of war, danger or being treated cruelly, and who has gone to live somewhere safer.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	refugee	refugee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	16	case	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	treated	treat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	_
22	cruelly	cruelly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
26	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
28	to	to	PART	TO	_	29	mark	_	_
29	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	xcomp	_	_
30	somewhere	somewhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	31	advmod	_	_
31	safer	safe	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	29	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a refugee | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present · perfect | a person |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **leave** | to-infinitive | a person *not said here* | their home country |  |  |  | because war and danger | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent country=Theme |
| 4 | **treat** | gerund · passive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | cruelly *property* | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient» |
| 5 | **go** | present · perfect | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **live** | to-infinitive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | safe *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
More loosely, anyone who has had to escape from a place: «refugees from the flood».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:m2:1
# text = More loosely, anyone who has had to escape from a place: «refugees from the flood».
1	More	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	_
2	loosely	loosely	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	escape	escape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | anyone | refugees from the flood |  |  |  | loosely *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **escape** | to-infinitive | refugees from the flood *not said here* |  |  | a place |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from place=Initial\_Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A new girl in our class is a refugee from a country at war.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x1:1
# text = A new girl in our class is a refugee from a country at war.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	refugee	refugee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a new girl in our class | a refugee |  | a country at war |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The family lived in a refugee camp for two years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x2:1
# text = The family lived in a refugee camp for two years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	refugee	refugee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the family |  |  | a refugee camp | year |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in camp=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Refugees often leave with only what they can carry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x3:1
# text = Refugees often leave with only what they can carry.
1	Refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	often	often	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	leave	leave	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	obl	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present | Refugees |  |  |  |  | often *property* | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent with what=Theme |
| 2 | **carry** | can | Refugees *= refugee* |  |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our school collected warm coats for refugees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x4:1
# text = Our school collected warm coats for refugees.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	collected	collect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	coats	coat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | past | Our school | warm coats |  |  |  | for refugees | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coat=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many people became refugees after the earthquake destroyed their towns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x5:1
# text = Many people became refugees after the earthquake destroyed their towns.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	xcomp	_	_
5	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	earthquake	earthquake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	destroyed	destroy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | Many people | refugees |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **destroy** | past | the earthquake | people's towns |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent town=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The book tells the story of a refugee boy crossing the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x6:1
# text = The book tells the story of a refugee boy crossing the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	refugee	refugee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the book | the story of a refugee boy |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent story=Recipient |
| 2 | **cross** | gerund | a refugee boy *not said here* | the sea |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sea=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Countries have laws that protect refugees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:refugee:x7:1
# text = Countries have laws that protect refugees.
1	Countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	protect	protect	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Countries | laws |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent law=Patient |
| 2 | **protect** | present | laws | refugees |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent refugee=Beneficiary |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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