---
title: reinforcement — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «reinforcement» in the school dictionary: Something that makes another thing stronger, such as steel bars inside concrete. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# reinforcement

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Reinforcements, helpers, concrete, 200 soldiers, 150 reinforcements, Praise · **What happens:** make, be, send, give, have, call · **To what, where:** thing, extra soldiers, helpers, support, lesson, steel reinforcement · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«reinforcement» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [reinforcement in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/reinforcement.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something that makes another thing stronger, such as steel bars inside concrete.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:m1:1
# text = Something that makes another thing stronger, such as steel bars inside concrete.
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
5	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	bars	bar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
12	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present |  | another thing |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset thing=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Reinforcements» are extra soldiers, police or helpers sent to give support.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:m2:1
# text = «Reinforcements» are extra soldiers, police or helpers sent to give support.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Reinforcements	reinforcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	helpers	helper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
11	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
14	support	support	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Reinforcements | extra soldiers and police or helpers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **send** | participle |  | helpers *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | to-infinitive | helpers *not said here* | support |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent support=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: teaching, formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making a lesson or behaviour stronger by practice or praise: positive reinforcement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:m3:1
# text = Making a lesson or behaviour stronger by practice or praise: positive reinforcement.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	praise	praise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	positive	positive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | a lesson or behaviour |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset lesson=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The concrete has steel reinforcement inside.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x1:1
# text = The concrete has steel reinforcement inside.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	inside	inside	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the concrete | steel reinforcement |  |  |  | inside *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reinforcement=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The captain called for reinforcements.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x2:1
# text = The captain called for reinforcements.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	reinforcements	reinforcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | participle |  | the captain *not said here* |  |  |  | for reinforcements | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient S\_INF»: agent=Agent for reinforcement=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
200 soldiers held the fort, then 150 reinforcements arrived.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x3:1
# text = 200 soldiers held the fort, then 150 reinforcements arrived.
1	200	200	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fort	fort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
8	150	150	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	reinforcements	reinforcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | 200 soldiers | the fort |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fort=Theme |
| 2 | **arrive** | past | 150 reinforcements |  |  |  | then |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Praise is a kind of positive reinforcement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x4:1
# text = Praise is a kind of positive reinforcement.
1	Praise	praise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	positive	positive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Praise | a kind |  |  |  | of positive reinforcement | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Homework gives reinforcement to what we learn in class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x5:1
# text = Homework gives reinforcement to what we learn in class.
1	Homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	obl	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	learn	learn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present | Homework | reinforcement |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent reinforcement=Theme to what=Recipient |
| 2 | **learn** | present | we |  |  | class |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fence needed reinforcement after the storm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x6:1
# text = The fence needed reinforcement after the storm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fence	fence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	needed	need	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | past | the fence | reinforcement |  |  | after the storm |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot reinforcement=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(joking) Mum called in reinforcements to tidy my room — Grandma!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:reinforcement:x7:1
# text = (joking) Mum called in reinforcements to tidy my room — Grandma!
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	joking	joke	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	reinforcements	reinforcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	tidy	tidy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
10	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
13	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **joke** *speech: other* | gerund |  | Mum |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **call** | participle |  | Mum *not said here* |  | reinforcements |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **tidy** | to-infinitive |  | my room and Grandma |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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