---
title: resistance — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «resistance» in the school dictionary: Resistance is fighting against something or refusing to accept it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# resistance

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Resistance, force, much material, electricity, Air resistance, Fish · **What happens:** fight, refuse, not accept, slow down, move, make · **To what, where:** Resistance, moving thing, electricity, illness, medicine, parachute

<!-- .vabout -->
«resistance» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [resistance in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/resistance.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Resistance is fighting against something or refusing to accept it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:m1:1
# text = Resistance is fighting against something or refusing to accept it.
1	Resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	refusing	refuse	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	accept	accept	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | present · progressive | Resistance |  |  |  |  | against something | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **refuse** | gerund | Resistance *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **accept** | to-infinitive | Resistance *not said here* | Resistance |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In science, a force that slows down a moving thing, like air resistance or water resistance.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:m2:1
# text = In science, a force that slows down a moving thing, like air resistance or water resistance.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	slows	slow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slow down** | present | a force | a moving thing |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent thing=Patient |
| 2 | **move** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In electricity, how much a material makes it hard for current to flow.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:m3:1
# text = In electricity, how much a material makes it hard for current to flow.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	electricity	electricity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	current	current	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	flow	flow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a much material | electricity |  | electricity |  | hard *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 2 | **flow** | to-infinitive | electricity *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ability of the body to fight illness, or of a germ to survive medicine.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:m4:1
# text = The ability of the body to fight illness, or of a germ to survive medicine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ability	ability	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	fight	fight	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	acl	_	_
8	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	germ	germ	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	survive	survive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	acl	_	_
16	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | to-infinitive |  | illness |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent illness=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **survive** | to-infinitive |  | medicine |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme medicine=Circumstance |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Air resistance slows the parachute down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x1:1
# text = Air resistance slows the parachute down.
1	Air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	slows	slow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	parachute	parachute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slow down** | present | Air resistance | the parachute |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent parachute=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fish have streamlined bodies to reduce water resistance.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x2:1
# text = Fish have streamlined bodies to reduce water resistance.
1	Fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	streamlined	streamline	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	reduce	reduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **streamline** | present · perfect | Fish | bodies |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent body=Patient |
| 2 | **reduce** | to-infinitive | Fish *not said here* | water resistance |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer resistance=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thin wires have more resistance.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x3:1
# text = Thin wires have more resistance.
1	Thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	wires	wire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Thin wires | more resistance |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent resistance=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The people put up resistance against the invaders.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x4:1
# text = The people put up resistance against the invaders.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	invaders	invader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put up** | past | the people | resistance |  | the invaders |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent resistance=Theme against invader=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exercise builds your resistance to illness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x5:1
# text = Exercise builds your resistance to illness.
1	Exercise	exercise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	builds	build	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present | Exercise | your resistance |  |  |  | to illness | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset resistance=Product |
| 2 | **resist** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom resistance «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some germs have resistance to antibiotics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x6:1
# text = Some germs have resistance to antibiotics.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some germs | resistance |  |  |  | to antibiotics | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent resistance=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Friction and air resistance are forces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x7:1
# text = Friction and air resistance are forces.
1	Friction	friction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
3	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Friction and air resistance | forces |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At length, after a great show of resistance, he fell heavily to the ground.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:resistance:x8:1
# text = At length, after a great show of resistance, he fell heavily to the ground.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	show	show	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	heavily	heavily	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | he |  |  | length after a great show of resistance |  | to the ground; heavily *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme at length=Location |
| 2 | **show** |  |  | resistance |  |  |  |  | nom show «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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