---
title: roast — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «roast» in the school dictionary: To cook food, like meat or vegetables, in an oven or over a fire. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# roast

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, We, Dad, Roast potatoes, you, smell · **What happens:** cook, roast, be, have, fill, smell · **To what, where:** food, marshmallows, campfire, chicken, outside, roast dinner

<!-- .vabout -->
«roast» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [roast in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/roast.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cook food, like meat or vegetables, in an oven or over a fire.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m1:1
# text = To cook food, like meat or vegetables, in an oven or over a fire.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cook	cook	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	vegetables	vegetable	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	oven	oven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	over	over	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cook** | to-infinitive |  | food |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent food=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adjective, cooked in this way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m2:1
# text = As an adjective, cooked in this way.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	cooked	cook	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cook** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | as a adjective; in this way | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V PP.result PP.instrument»: agent=Patient in way=Instrument |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"roast chicken", "roast potatoes".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m2e:1
# text = "roast chicken", "roast potatoes".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	roast	roast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	chicken	chicken	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	roast	roast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As a noun, a piece of roasted meat or a big meal with it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m3:1
# text = As a noun, a piece of roasted meat or a big meal with it.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	roasted	roast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	meal	meal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Sunday roast".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m3e:1
# text = "Sunday roast".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sunday	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	roast	roast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Informally, to be very hot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m4:1
# text = Informally, to be very hot.
1	Informally	informally	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | hot, informally *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I'm roasting!"

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:m4e:1
# text = "I'm roasting!"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	roasting	roast	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** *in a quote* | present · progressive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We roasted marshmallows over the campfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x1:1
# text = We roasted marshmallows over the campfire.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	roasted	roast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	marshmallows	marshmallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	campfire	campfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | past | We | marshmallows |  | the campfire |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent marshmallow=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad roasts a chicken every Sunday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x2:1
# text = Dad roasts a chicken every Sunday.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	roasts	roast	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	chicken	chicken	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	Sunday	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | present | Dad | a chicken |  |  | sunday |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent chicken=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roast potatoes are crispy on the outside.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x3:1
# text = Roast potatoes are crispy on the outside.
1	Roast	roast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	crispy	crispy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	outside	outside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Roast potatoes |  |  | the outside |  | crispy *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We had a roast dinner at Grandma's.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x4:1
# text = We had a roast dinner at Grandma's.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	roast	roast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	dinner	dinner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Grandma	Grandma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | We | a roast dinner |  |  |  | at Grandma | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dinner=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roast the carrots for forty minutes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x5:1
# text = Roast the carrots for forty minutes.
1	Roast	roast	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	carrots	carrot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	forty	forty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | imperative | you *not said here* | the carrots |  |  | minute |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent carrot=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm roasting in this coat!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x6:1
# text = I'm roasting in this coat!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	roasting	roast	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | present · progressive | I |  |  |  |  | in this coat | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent in coat=Instrument |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The smell of roast beef filled the kitchen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x7:1
# text = The smell of roast beef filled the kitchen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	roast	roast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	beef	beef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	kitchen	kitchen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | the smell of roast beef | the kitchen |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent kitchen=Patient |
| 2 | **smell** |  | roast beef |  |  |  |  |  | nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The apples were beginning to roast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roast:x8:1
# text = The apples were beginning to roast.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	beginning	begin	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	roast	roast	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past · progressive | the apples |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **roast** | to-infinitive | the apples *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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