---
title: roma — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «roma» in the school dictionary: The Roma are a people who have lived in Europe for about a thousand years; their ancestors came from northern India and many have travelled and kept their own language, Romani. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# roma

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Roma, people, ancestors, many, Many Roma families, we · **What happens:** be, live, come, travell, keep, name · **To what, where:** people, Europe, northern India, own language, Italian name, football club · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«roma» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [roma in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/roma.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Roma are a people who have lived in Europe for about a thousand years; their ancestors came from northern India and many have travelled and kept their own language, Romani.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:m1:1
# text = The Roma are a people who have lived in Europe for about a thousand years; their ancestors came from northern India and many have travelled and kept their own language, Romani.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Roma	Roma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	lived	live	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	about	about	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
24	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	nsubj	_	_
25	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	travelled	travell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	conj	_	_
29	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	31	nmod:poss	_	_
30	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
33	Romani	Romani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Roma | a people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present · perfect | a people |  |  | Europe | year |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in europe=Location |
| 3 | **come** | past | people's ancestors |  |  | northern India |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from india=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **travell** | present · perfect | many |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **keep** | past | many *not said here* | ancestors's own language |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roma is the Italian name for Rome, the capital of Italy; also the name of the football club AS Roma.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:m2:1
# text = Roma is the Italian name for Rome, the capital of Italy; also the name of the football club AS Roma.
1	Roma	roma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Italian	Italian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Italy	Italy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
14	also	also	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
21	AS	as	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Roma	Roma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Roma | the Italian name and the name of the football club as Roma |  |  |  | for Rome | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** |  |  | the football club as Roma |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A roma (plum) tomato is a long, egg-shaped tomato good for sauces.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:m3:1
# text = A roma (plum) tomato is a long, egg-shaped tomato good for sauces.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roma	roma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	plum	plum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
6	tomato	tomato	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	tomato	tomato	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
15	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	sauces	sauce	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a roma and tomato |  |  |  |  | shaped tomato *obl*; long *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Roma have their own language called Romani.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:x1:1
# text = The Roma have their own language called Romani.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Roma	Roma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	Romani	Romani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Roma | their own language |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient |
| 2 | **call** | participle |  | their own language *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many Roma families live in Romania and Hungary.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:x2:1
# text = Many Roma families live in Romania and Hungary.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	Roma	roma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Romania	Romania	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	Hungary	Hungary	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Many Roma families |  |  | Romania and Hungary |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in romania=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In history, we learned that Roma people were persecuted in the Holocaust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:x3:1
# text = In history, we learned that Roma people were persecuted in the Holocaust.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	Roma	Roma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	persecuted	persecute	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Holocaust	Holocaust	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | we |  |  | history |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **persecute** | past · passive |  | Roma people |  | the Holocaust |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Italy, Rome is called Roma.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:x4:1
# text = In Italy, Rome is called Roma.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Italy	Italy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	Roma	Roma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | Rome |  | Italy |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
AS Roma is a football team from Rome.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:x5:1
# text = AS Roma is a football team from Rome.
1	AS	as	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Roma	Roma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | a football team |  | Rome |  | as Roma | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum chopped roma tomatoes for the pasta sauce.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roma:x6:1
# text = Mum chopped roma tomatoes for the pasta sauce.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	chopped	chop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	roma	roma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	tomatoes	tomato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	pasta	pasta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	sauce	sauce	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chop** | past | Mum | roma tomatoes |  |  |  | for the pasta sauce | vn carve-21.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tomato=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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