---
title: roman — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «roman» in the school dictionary: Connected with ancient Rome, a powerful empire long ago around the Mediterranean Sea. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# roman

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Roman candle, firework, Romans, We, X, clock · **What happens:** connect, be, shoot out, build, call, learn · **To what, where:** firework, bright sparks, straight roads, Roman soldiers, Roman numerals, ten · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«roman» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [roman in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/roman.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Connected with ancient Rome, a powerful empire long ago around the Mediterranean Sea.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:m1:1
# text = Connected with ancient Rome, a powerful empire long ago around the Mediterranean Sea.
1	Connected	connect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	powerful	powerful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	empire	empire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
9	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
11	around	around	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Mediterranean	Mediterranean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	Sea	Sea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **connect** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with ancient Rome | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient with rome=Co-Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person from ancient Rome or from the city of Rome today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:m2:1
# text = A person from ancient Rome or from the city of Rome today.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"roman" with a small r: ordinary upright print, not italic.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:m3:1
# text = "roman" with a small r: ordinary upright print, not italic.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	roman	roman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	r	r	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	upright	upright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	print	print	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	italic	italic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Roman candle is a firework that shoots out bright sparks and balls of fire.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:m4:1
# text = A Roman candle is a firework that shoots out bright sparks and balls of fire.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	firework	firework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	shoots	shoot	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	out	out	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	sparks	spark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	balls	ball	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a Roman candle | a firework |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **shoot out** | present | a firework | bright sparks and balls of fire |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spark=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Romans built long straight roads.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x1:1
# text = The Romans built long straight roads.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	built	build	VERB	VBD	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	_
5	straight	straight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	roads	road	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | the Romans | straight roads |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roman soldiers were called legionaries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x2:1
# text = Roman soldiers were called legionaries.
1	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	legionaries	legionary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | past · passive |  | Roman soldiers |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We are learning to read Roman numerals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x3:1
# text = We are learning to read Roman numerals.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present · progressive | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **read** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | Roman numerals |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent numeral=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Roman numerals, X means ten.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x4:1
# text = In Roman numerals, X means ten.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | X | ten |  |  |  | in Roman numerals | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot ten=Theme in numeral=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The clock has Roman numerals on its face.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x5:1
# text = The clock has Roman numerals on its face.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	clock	clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the clock | Roman numerals |  | clock's face |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent numeral=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hadrian's Wall was built by the Romans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x6:1
# text = Hadrian's Wall was built by the Romans.
1	Hadrian	Hadrian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	Wall	Wall	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past · passive | the Romans | Hadrian's Wall |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Roman Empire was huge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x7:1
# text = The Roman Empire was huge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Roman	Roman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the Roman Empire |  |  |  |  | huge *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Nonsense!” said the Roman Candle, “Romance never dies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roman:x8:1
# text = “Nonsense!” said the Roman Candle, “Romance never dies.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Nonsense	nonsense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	Candle	Candle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Romance	romance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	dies	die	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Roman Candle |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **die** *in a quote* | present | Romance |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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