---
title: romansh — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «romansh» in the school dictionary: Romansh is a language spoken by a small number of people in south-east Switzerland, in the canton of Graubünden. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/romansh/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [R](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/) / romansh

# romansh

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Romansh, It, thousand people, Swiss road signs, Bun di, Schools · **What happens:** be, speak, do, come, mean, teach · **To what, where:** language, canton, one, Romansh, Latin · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«romansh» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [romansh in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/romansh.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Romansh is a language spoken by a small number of people in south-east Switzerland, in the canton of Graubünden.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:m1:1
# text = Romansh is a language spoken by a small number of people in south-east Switzerland, in the canton of Graubünden.
1	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
13	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	Switzerland	Switzerland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	canton	canton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Graubünden	Graubünden	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Romansh | a language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  | the canton of Graubünden |  | by a small number of people in east Switzerland | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is one of Switzerland's four national languages, with German, French and Italian.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:m2:1
# text = It is one of Switzerland's four national languages, with German, French and Italian.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	Switzerland	Switzerland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
8	national	national	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	German	German	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	Italian	Italian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | one |  |  |  | of Switzerland's four national languages | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with this language or its speakers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:m3:1
# text = To do with this language or its speakers.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	speakers	speaker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with this language or its speakers | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Romansh is one of the four national languages of Switzerland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:x1:1
# text = Romansh is one of the four national languages of Switzerland.
1	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	national	national	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Switzerland	Switzerland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Romansh | one |  |  |  | of the four national languages of Switzerland | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only about sixty thousand people speak Romansh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:x2:1
# text = Only about sixty thousand people speak Romansh.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	about	about	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	sixty	sixty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	compound	_	_
4	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | thousand people | Romansh |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Romansh comes from the Latin spoken by Roman soldiers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:x3:1
# text = Romansh comes from the Latin spoken by Roman soldiers.
1	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Romansh |  |  | the Latin |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from latin=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle | Romansh *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by Roman soldiers | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some Swiss road signs are in Romansh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:x4:1
# text = Some Swiss road signs are in Romansh.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
2	Swiss	Swiss	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | some Swiss road signs |  |  | Romansh |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Bun di» means «good day» in Romansh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:x5:1
# text = «Bun di» means «good day» in Romansh.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Bun	bun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	di	di	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Bun di |  |  |  | day |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Schools in some Swiss valleys teach in Romansh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:romansh:x6:1
# text = Schools in some Swiss valleys teach in Romansh.
1	Schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
4	Swiss	Swiss	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	valleys	valley	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	teach	teach	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Romansh	Romansh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | present | Schools in some Swiss valleys |  |  | Romansh |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [romanian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/romanian/)
- next →: [romantic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/romantic/)
- ↑ back to [R in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/)