---
title: roof — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «roof» in the school dictionary: A roof is the top covering of a building or vehicle. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# roof

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** roof, cat, car, Mum, Peanut butter, Everyone · **What happens:** be, mean, live, sit, drum, have · **To what, where:** top covering, hard top part, mouth, place, roof, Rain

<!-- .vabout -->
«roof» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [roof in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/roof.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A roof is the top covering of a building or vehicle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:m1:1
# text = A roof is the top covering of a building or vehicle.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a roof | the top covering |  |  |  | of a building or vehicle | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The roof of your mouth is the hard top part inside your mouth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:m2:1
# text = The roof of your mouth is the hard top part inside your mouth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the roof of your mouth | the hard top part |  | your mouth |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A roof over your head means a place to live.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:m3:1
# text = A roof over your head means a place to live.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | a roof over your head | a place |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Topic |
| 2 | **live** | to-infinitive | a roof over your head *not said here* | a place *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cat is sitting on the roof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x1:1
# text = The cat is sitting on the roof.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	sitting	sit	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | present · progressive | the cat |  |  | the roof |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on roof=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rain drummed on the roof all night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x2:1
# text = Rain drummed on the roof all night.
1	Rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	drummed	drum	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drum** | participle |  | Rain *not said here* |  |  | night | on the roof | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent on roof=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car has a sunroof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x3:1
# text = The car has a sunroof.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sunroof	sunroof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the car | a sunroof |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sunroof=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The roof of the old barn leaked.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x4:1
# text = The roof of the old barn leaked.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	barn	barn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	leaked	leak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leak** | participle |  | the old barn *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum hit the roof when she saw the mess.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x5:1
# text = Mum hit the roof when she saw the mess.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hit	hit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	mess	mess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hit** | past | Mum | the roof |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme roof=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **see** | past | Mum | the mess |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mess=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Peanut butter sticks to the roof of your mouth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x6:1
# text = Peanut butter sticks to the roof of your mouth.
1	Peanut	peanut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	butter	butter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sticks	stick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stick** | present | Peanut butter |  |  |  |  | to the roof of your mouth | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Everyone was under one roof for the party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x7:1
# text = Everyone was under one roof for the party.
1	Everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	under	under	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Everyone |  |  | one roof |  | for the party | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The roof sloped nearly to the ground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roof:x8:1
# text = The roof sloped nearly to the ground.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sloped	slope	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slope** | past | the roof |  |  |  |  | to the ground; nearly *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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