---
title: roughly — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «roughly» in the school dictionary: Roughly means about, not exactly: roughly 100 people. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# roughly

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** He, 30 children, 49, you, trip, two bags · **What happens:** mean, not mean, cut, push, be, not treat · **To what, where:** 100 people, cut pieces, me, party, 50, puppy · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«roughly» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [roughly in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/roughly.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roughly means about, not exactly: roughly 100 people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:m1:1
# text = Roughly means about, not exactly: roughly 100 people.
1	Roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | 100 people |  |  |  | about, exactly, roughly *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roughly means in a rough, not gentle way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:m2:1
# text = Roughly means in a rough, not gentle way.
1	Roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
8	gentle	gentle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | in a rough gentle way; roughly *property* | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in way=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He pushed me roughly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:m2e:1
# text = He pushed me roughly.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pushed	push	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **push** | past | He | me |  |  |  | roughly *property* | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roughly also means not carefully or neatly: roughly cut pieces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:m3:1
# text = Roughly also means not carefully or neatly: roughly cut pieces.
1	Roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	also	also	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
5	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	neatly	neatly	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mean** | present |  | cut pieces |  |  |  | carefully, roughly *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cut** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | roughly *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were roughly 30 children at the party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x1:1
# text = There were roughly 30 children at the party.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | 30 children |  |  | the party; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at party=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
49 is roughly 50.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x2:1
# text = 49 is roughly 50.
1	49	49	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | 49 | 50 |  |  |  | roughly *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Do not treat the puppy roughly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x3:1
# text = Do not treat the puppy roughly.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	treat	treat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **treat** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  | the puppy |  |  | roughly *property* | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent puppy=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roughly chop the onion into big pieces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x4:1
# text = Roughly chop the onion into big pieces.
1	Roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	chop	chop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	onion	onion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chop** | imperative | you *not said here* | the onion |  |  |  | into big pieces *result*; roughly *property* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent onion=Patient into piece=Result |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The trip takes roughly two hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x5:1
# text = The trip takes roughly two hours.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | present | the trip |  |  |  | hour |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two bags weigh roughly the same.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x6:1
# text = The two bags weigh roughly the same.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	weigh	weigh	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weigh** | present | the two bags | the same |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme same=Value |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He grabbed the ball roughly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x7:1
# text = He grabbed the ball roughly.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grabbed	grab	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grab** | past | He | the ball |  |  |  | roughly *property* | vn steal-10.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roughly speaking, half the class walks to school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x8:1
# text = Roughly speaking, half the class walks to school.
1	Roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	half	half	DET	PDT	NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac|PronType=Ind	6	det:predet	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	walks	walk	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | half class *not said here* |  |  |  |  | roughly *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **walk** | present | half class |  |  |  |  | to school *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to school=Result |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In this place I can only roughly summarise my results.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:roughly:x9:1
# text = In this place I can only roughly summarise my results.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	summarise	summarise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **summarise** | can | I | my results |  | this place |  | roughly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **result** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom result «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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