---
title: rubbing — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rubbing» in the school dictionary: Rubbing means moving your hand or something against a surface again and again, pressing on it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rubbing

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Rubbing, I, She, balloon, We, you · **What happens:** mean, move, press, rub out, remove, be · **To what, where:** hand, pencil marks, picture, paper, rough surface, hands · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«rubbing» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rubbing in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/rubbing.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubbing means moving your hand or something against a surface again and again, pressing on it.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:m1:1
# text = Rubbing means moving your hand or something against a surface again and again, pressing on it.
1	Rubbing	rubbing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	conj	_	_
8	against	against	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	again	again	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	again	again	ADV	RB	_	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	pressing	press	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Rubbing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **move** *not said to happen* | gerund | Rubbing *not said here* | your hand |  |  | again | against a surface | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |
| 3 | **press** | gerund | Rubbing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | on Rubbing | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent on it=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubbing out means removing pencil marks with a rubber or eraser.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:m2:1
# text = Rubbing out means removing pencil marks with a rubber or eraser.
1	Rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	out	out	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	removing	remove	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	rubber	rubber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	eraser	eraser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub out** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Rubbing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **remove** *not said to happen* | gerund | Rubbing *not said here* | pencil marks |  |  |  | with a rubber or eraser | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mark=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A rubbing is a picture made by putting paper on a rough surface and rubbing it with a crayon (a bark rubbing, a coin rubbing).

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:m3:1
# text = A rubbing is a picture made by putting paper on a rough surface and rubbing it with a crayon (a bark rubbing, a coin rubbing).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rubbing	rubbing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
9	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	crayon	crayon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
20	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	rubbing	rubbing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	rubbing	rubbing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a rubbing | a picture |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a picture *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **put** | gerund |  | paper |  | a rough surface |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent paper=Theme on surface=Destination |
| 4 | **rub** | gerund |  | paper |  |  |  | with a crayon | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Destination with crayon=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I am rubbing my hands to keep them warm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x1:1
# text = I am rubbing my hands to keep them warm.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | present · progressive | I | my hands |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |
| 2 | **keep** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | hands *= hand* |  |  |  | warm *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is rubbing out the wrong answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x2:1
# text = She is rubbing out the wrong answer.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub out** | present · progressive | She | the wrong answer |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent answer=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubbing a balloon on your hair makes it stick to the wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x3:1
# text = Rubbing a balloon on your hair makes it stick to the wall.
1	Rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	balloon	balloon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	stick	stick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | gerund |  | a balloon |  | your hair |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent balloon=Theme on hair=Destination |
| 2 | **make** | present | Rubbing | balloon |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **stick** | infinitive | balloon *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the wall | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent to wall=Co-Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made bark rubbings with crayons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x4:1
# text = We made bark rubbings with crayons.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	made	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	bark	bark	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	rubbings	rubbing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	crayons	crayon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bark** | may | We | rubbings |  |  |  | with crayons | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent rubbing=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stop rubbing your eyes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x5:1
# text = Stop rubbing your eyes.
1	Stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	xcomp	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **rub** | gerund | you *not said here* | your eyes |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent eye=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubbing two sticks together can make fire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x6:1
# text = Rubbing two sticks together can make fire.
1	Rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	together	together	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | gerund |  | two sticks |  |  |  | together *property* | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent stick=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | can | Rubbing | fire |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset fire=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cat is rubbing against my legs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x7:1
# text = The cat is rubbing against my legs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | present · progressive | the cat |  |  | my legs |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent against leg=Destination |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I know I lost, don't keep rubbing it in!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x8:1
# text = I know I lost, don't keep rubbing it in!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
9	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **lose** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **keep** | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **rub in** | gerund |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubbing his hands together happily, he mumbled half to himself:

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rubbing:x9:1
# text = Rubbing his hands together happily, he mumbled half to himself:
1	Rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
2	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	together	together	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	happily	happily	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	mumbled	mumble	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	8	obj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | gerund | he *not said here* | his hands |  |  |  | happily, together *property* | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |
| 2 | **mumble** *speech: other* | past | he | half | himself *= he* |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent half=Topic to himself=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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