---
title: ruby — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ruby» in the school dictionary: A ruby is a precious stone with a deep red colour, used in rings and necklaces. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ruby

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ruby, ruby wedding anniversary, queen, ring, Dorothy, Rubies · **What happens:** be, use, sparkle, crown, have, paint · **To what, where:** precious stone, rings, deep rich red colour, name, programming language, 40th one

<!-- .vabout -->
«ruby» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ruby in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ruby.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ruby is a precious stone with a deep red colour, used in rings and necklaces.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:m1:1
# text = A ruby is a precious stone with a deep red colour, used in rings and necklaces.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ruby	ruby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	precious	precious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	rings	ring	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	necklaces	necklace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a ruby | a precious stone |  |  |  | with a deep red colour | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle | a ruby *not said here* |  |  | rings and necklaces |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ruby, or ruby-red, is a deep, rich red colour.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:m2:1
# text = Ruby, or ruby-red, is a deep, rich red colour.
1	Ruby	Ruby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
4	ruby	ruby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
10	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ruby | a deep rich red colour |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ruby is a girl's name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:m3:1
# text = Ruby is a girl's name.
1	Ruby	Ruby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ruby | a girl's name |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: computers — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ruby is a programming language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:m4:1
# text = Ruby is a programming language.
1	Ruby	Ruby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	programming	programming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ruby | a programming language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ruby wedding anniversary is the 40th one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:m5:1
# text = A ruby wedding anniversary is the 40th one.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	ruby	ruby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
3	wedding	wedding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	anniversary	anniversary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	40th	40th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	8	amod	_	_
8	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a ruby wedding anniversary | the 40th one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The queen's crown sparkled with rubies and diamonds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x1:1
# text = The queen's crown sparkled with rubies and diamonds.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	crown	crown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	sparkled	sparkle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rubies	ruby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	diamonds	diamond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sparkle** | participle |  | the queen's crown *not said here* |  |  |  | with rubies and diamonds | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with ruby=Theme |
| 2 | **crown** |  | the queen |  |  |  |  |  | nom crown «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum's ring has a small ruby in the middle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x2:1
# text = Mum's ring has a small ruby in the middle.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	ruby	ruby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Mum's ring | a small ruby |  | the middle |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ruby=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her lips were painted ruby red.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x3:1
# text = Her lips were painted ruby red.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	ruby	ruby	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | past · passive |  | Her lips |  |  |  | red, ruby *property* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dorothy clicked the heels of her ruby slippers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x4:1
# text = Dorothy clicked the heels of her ruby slippers.
1	Dorothy	Dorothy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	clicked	click	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	heels	heel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	ruby	ruby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	slippers	slipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **click** | past | Dorothy | the heels of Dorothy's ruby slippers |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location heel=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubies are very hard; only diamonds are much harder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x5:1
# text = Rubies are very hard; only diamonds are much harder.
1	Rubies	ruby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	diamonds	diamond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	much	much	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	harder	hard	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Rubies |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | diamonds |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend Ruby lives next door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x6:1
# text = My friend Ruby lives next door.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	Ruby	Ruby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
4	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | My friend | next door |  |  |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme door=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma and Grandpa celebrated their ruby wedding — 40 years!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x7:1
# text = Grandma and Grandpa celebrated their ruby wedding — 40 years!
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	celebrated	celebrate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	ruby	ruby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	wedding	wedding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
9	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **celebrate** | past | Grandma and Grandpa | Grandma's ruby wedding |  |  | year |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wedding=Theme |
| 2 | **wed** |  | Grandma |  |  |  |  |  | nom wedding «event transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubies are dug out of the ground and then cut and polished.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x8:1
# text = Rubies are dug out of the ground and then cut and polished.
1	Rubies	ruby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	dug	dig	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
10	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	polished	polish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig out** | present · passive |  | Rubies |  | the ground |  |  | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary ground=Result |
| 2 | **cut** | participle |  |  |  |  | then |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **polish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The princess herself had a snow-white steed, decked with diamonds and rubies.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ruby:x9:1
# text = The princess herself had a snow-white steed, decked with diamonds and rubies.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	princess	princess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	steed	steed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	decked	deck	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	diamonds	diamond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	rubies	ruby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the princess | a white steed |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent steed=Patient |
| 2 | **deck** | participle |  | a white steed *not said here* |  |  |  | with diamonds and rubies | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with diamond=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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