---
title: rudimentary — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rudimentary» in the school dictionary: Very simple and basic, not developed much. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rudimentary

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cavemen, I, They, wings, first computers, snakes · **What happens:** not develop, know, have, use, build, not be · **To what, where:** first simplest parts, that, rudimentary stone tools, rudimentary knowledge, rudimentary shelter, branches

<!-- .vabout -->
«rudimentary» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rudimentary in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/rudimentary.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very simple and basic, not developed much.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:m1:1
# text = Very simple and basic, not developed much.
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	developed	develop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
8	much	much	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **develop** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Knowing only the first, simplest parts of something: «rudimentary French».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:m2:1
# text = Knowing only the first, simplest parts of something: «rudimentary French».
1	Knowing	know	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	simplest	simple	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | gerund |  | the first simplest parts |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer part=Stimulus |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: biology — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Small and not fully developed, such as a part of a body that no longer has much use.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:m3:1
# text = Small and not fully developed, such as a part of a body that no longer has much use.
1	Small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
4	fully	fully	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	developed	develop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	obj	_	_
15	no	no	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	longer	long	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	17	advmod	_	_
17	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
18	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **develop** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | fully *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | present |  | that |  |  |  | long *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cavemen used rudimentary stone tools.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:x1:1
# text = The cavemen used rudimentary stone tools.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cavemen	caveman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	tools	tool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the cavemen | rudimentary stone tools |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tool=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I only have a rudimentary knowledge of French.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:x2:1
# text = I only have a rudimentary knowledge of French.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | I | a rudimentary knowledge of French |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent knowledge=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They built a rudimentary shelter from branches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:x3:1
# text = They built a rudimentary shelter from branches.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	shelter	shelter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	branches	branch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | They | a rudimentary shelter |  | branches |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset shelter=Product from branch=Material |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penguins' wings are not rudimentary; they use them to swim.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:x4:1
# text = Penguins' wings are not rudimentary; they use them to swim.
1	Penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | Penguins's wings |  |  |  |  | rudimentary *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | present | wings *= wing* | Penguins *= penguin* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 3 | **swim** | to-infinitive | wings *= wing* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The first computers were rudimentary compared with phones today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:x5:1
# text = The first computers were rudimentary compared with phones today.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	amod	_	_
3	computers	computer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	compared	compare	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	phones	phone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the first computers |  |  |  |  | rudimentary *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **compare** | participle | the first computers *not said here* |  |  |  | today | with phones | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with phone=Co-Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some snakes have rudimentary back legs, tiny bumps inside the body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rudimentary:x6:1
# text = Some snakes have rudimentary back legs, tiny bumps inside the body.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	snakes	snake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rudimentary	rudimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	bumps	bump	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
10	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some snakes | rudimentary back legs and tiny bumps inside the body |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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