---
title: runic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «runic» in the school dictionary: Written in runes, the letters used by Germanic peoples such as the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons before the Latin alphabet. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# runic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** museum, We, our, sword, letters · **What happens:** write, use, have, call, name, cover · **To what, where:** runes, letters, runic stone, runic alphabet, names, runic letters · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«runic» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [runic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/runic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Written in runes, the letters used by Germanic peoples such as the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons before the Latin alphabet.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:m1:1
# text = Written in runes, the letters used by Germanic peoples such as the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons before the Latin alphabet.
1	Written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	runes	rune	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	Germanic	germanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	peoples	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
11	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	Anglo	Anglo	X	AFX	_	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	Saxons	Saxon	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
19	before	before	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle |  |  |  | runes |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in rune=Destination |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | the letters *not said here* |  |  |  | by Germanic peoples such the Vikings before the Latin alphabet and Anglo Saxons | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mysterious or magical, like old runes (literary).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:m2:1
# text = Mysterious or magical, like old runes (literary).
1	Mysterious	mysterious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	magical	magical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	runes	rune	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	literary	literary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum has a runic stone from Viking times.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:x1:1
# text = The museum has a runic stone from Viking times.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	runic	runic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	Viking	Viking	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the museum | a runic stone |  |  | from Viking times |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Vikings' runic alphabet is called the futhark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:x2:1
# text = The Vikings' runic alphabet is called the futhark.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	runic	runic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	futhark	futhark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the Vikings's runic alphabet |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We wrote our names in runic letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:x3:1
# text = We wrote our names in runic letters.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	runic	runic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | We | our names |  | runic letters |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in letter=Destination |
| 2 | **name** |  | our |  |  | runic letters |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent in=place |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sword had a runic inscription on the blade.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:x4:1
# text = The sword had a runic inscription on the blade.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sword	sword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	runic	runic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	blade	blade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the sword | a runic inscription |  | the blade |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the fantasy book, the door was covered in glowing runic symbols.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:x5:1
# text = In the fantasy book, the door was covered in glowing runic symbols.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	fantasy	fantasy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	glowing	glow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
12	runic	runic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	symbols	symbol	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the door |  |  |  | in the fantasy book | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in book=Theme |
| 2 | **glow** | gerund |  | runic symbols |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent symbol=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Runic letters are made of straight lines because they were easy to carve.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:runic:x6:1
# text = Runic letters are made of straight lines because they were easy to carve.
1	Runic	runic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	straight	straight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	carve	carve	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Runic letters |  |  |  | of straight lines | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **is** | past | letters *= letter* |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **carve** | to-infinitive | letters *= letter* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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