---
title: rust — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rust» in the school dictionary: Rust is the reddish-brown, flaky coating that forms on iron or steel when it gets wet and meets air. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rust

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Rust, brown flaky coating, Iron, Paint, metal, you · **What happens:** be, form, get, meet, rust, mean · **To what, where:** brown flaky coating, iron, air, brown colour, old bike chain, rain · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«rust» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rust in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/rust.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rust is the reddish-brown, flaky coating that forms on iron or steel when it gets wet and meets air.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:m1:1
# text = Rust is the reddish-brown, flaky coating that forms on iron or steel when it gets wet and meets air.
1	Rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
4	reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	flaky	flaky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	coating	coating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	_
19	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	meets	meet	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
22	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Rust | the brown flaky coating |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **form** | present | the brown flaky coating |  |  | iron or steel |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on iron=Location |
| 3 | **get** | present | Rust |  |  |  |  | wet *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **meet** | present | Rust *not said here* | air |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Co-Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To rust means to become covered with rust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:m2:1
# text = To rust means to become covered with rust.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	rust	rust	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	xcomp	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rust** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **become** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cover** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with rust | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with rust=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rust is also a reddish-brown colour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:m3:1
# text = Rust is also a reddish-brown colour.
1	Rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Rust | a brown colour |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My old bike chain is covered in rust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x1:1
# text = My old bike chain is covered in rust.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive |  | My old bike chain |  |  |  | in rust | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in rust=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Iron rusts when it is left out in the rain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x2:1
# text = Iron rusts when it is left out in the rain.
1	Iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rusts	rust	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rust** | present | Iron |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **leave out** | present · passive |  | Iron |  | the rain |  |  | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paint stops the gate from rusting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x3:1
# text = Paint stops the gate from rusting.
1	Paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stops	stop	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	rusting	rust	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | present | Paint | the gate |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality gate=Eventuality |
| 2 | **rust** | gerund | Paint *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rust made the metal weak and it broke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x4:1
# text = Rust made the metal weak and it broke.
1	Rust	Rust	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Rust | the metal |  |  |  | weak *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent metal=Product |
| 2 | **break** | past | metal |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be careful with rusty nails; they can cut you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x5:1
# text = Be careful with rusty nails; they can cut you.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	nails	nail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	cut	cut	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with rusty nails; careful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cut** | can | nails *= nail* | you |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset you=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car had rust on its doors.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x6:1
# text = The car had rust on its doors.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	doors	door	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the car | rust |  | car's doors |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rust=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Salt water makes metal rust faster.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x7:1
# text = Salt water makes metal rust faster.
1	Salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	rust	rust	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	faster	fast	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Salt water | metal |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rust** | infinitive | metal *not said here* |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gold never rusts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x8:1
# text = Gold never rusts.
1	Gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	rusts	rust	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **rust** | present | Gold |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Others polished the blade until all the rust was removed and it glistened like burnished silver.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rust:x9:1
# text = Others polished the blade until all the rust was removed and it glistened like burnished silver.
1	Others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	polished	polish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	blade	blade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
6	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	8	det:predet	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	removed	remove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	glistened	glisten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	burnished	burnish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish** | past | Others | the blade |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent blade=Destination |
| 2 | **remove** | past · passive |  | all rust |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **glisten** | participle · passive |  | rust |  |  |  | like burnished silver | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |
| 4 | **burnish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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