---
title: rusty — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rusty» in the school dictionary: Covered in rust, the reddish-brown flaky coating that forms on iron and steel when they get wet and meet the air. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rusty

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** brown flaky coating, iron, you, French, old gate, nail · **What happens:** cover, form, get, meet, use, be · **To what, where:** iron, air, it, rusty nail, you, bike

<!-- .vabout -->
«rusty» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rusty in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/rusty.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Covered in rust, the reddish-brown flaky coating that forms on iron and steel when they get wet and meet the air.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:m1:1
# text = Covered in rust, the reddish-brown flaky coating that forms on iron and steel when they get wet and meet the air.
1	Covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
6	reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	flaky	flaky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	coating	coating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	19	advmod	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
20	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	xcomp	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	meet	meet	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | in rust and the brown flaky coating | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in rust=Theme |
| 2 | **form** | present | the brown flaky coating |  |  | iron and steel |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on iron=Location |
| 3 | **get** | present | iron |  |  |  |  | wet *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **meet** | present | iron *not said here* | the air |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Co-Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not as good at something as you used to be, because you have not done it for a long time: my French is rusty.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:m2:1
# text = Not as good at something as you used to be, because you have not done it for a long time: my French is rusty.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
2	as	as	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obl	_	_
6	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	be	be	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	_
16	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
23	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
26	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **be** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **do** | present · perfect | you | it |  |  | time |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |
| 4 | **is** | present | my French |  |  |  |  | rusty *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Reddish-brown in colour, like rust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:m3:1
# text = Reddish-brown in colour, like rust.
1	Reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old gate was rusty and squeaky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x1:1
# text = The old gate was rusty and squeaky.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	squeaky	squeaky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the old gate |  |  |  |  | rusty *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the old gate *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't touch that rusty nail; it could cut you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x2:1
# text = Don't touch that rusty nail; it could cut you.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	touch	touch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
5	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	cut	cut	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **touch** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | that rusty nail |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme nail=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **cut** | could | nail | you |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material you=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leaving the bike out in the rain made the chain rusty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x3:1
# text = Leaving the bike out in the rain made the chain rusty.
1	Leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	out	out	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave out** | gerund |  | the bike |  | the rain |  | out *property* | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | past | Leaving | the chain |  |  |  | rusty *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset chain=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My piano playing is a bit rusty after the holidays.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x4:1
# text = My piano playing is a bit rusty after the holidays.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	piano	piano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	playing	playing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	after	after	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	holidays	holiday	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My piano playing |  |  |  | after the holidays | a bit *obl:unmarked*; rusty *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **play** |  | My |  |  |  |  |  | nom playing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fox had rusty red fur.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x5:1
# text = The fox had rusty red fur.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fur	fur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the fox | rusty red fur |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fur=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We tested which nails got rusty fastest: in water, salt water or air.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x6:1
# text = We tested which nails got rusty fastest: in water, salt water or air.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tested	test	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	4	det	_	_
4	nails	nail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	fastest	fast	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | past | which nails | rusty fastest |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rusty can was hard to open.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x7:1
# text = The rusty can was hard to open.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	open	open	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | the rusty |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **open** | to-infinitive | the rusty *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paint stops metal from going rusty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x8:1
# text = Paint stops metal from going rusty.
1	Paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stops	stop	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | present | Paint | metal |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality metal=Eventuality |
| 2 | **go** | gerund | Paint *not said here* |  |  |  |  | rusty *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The door was fastened, but she pressed against the rusty latch, and it gave way.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rusty:x9:1
# text = The door was fastened, but she pressed against the rusty latch, and it gave way.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	fastened	fasten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	pressed	press	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
9	against	against	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	rusty	rusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	latch	latch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
17	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fasten** | past · passive |  | the door |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **press** | past | she |  |  |  |  | against the rusty latch | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent against latch=Theme |
| 3 | **give** | past | door | way |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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