---
title: rut — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rut» in the school dictionary: A deep line in soft ground made by wheels. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rut

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** habit, male deer, season, tractor, bike wheel, Dad · **What happens:** make, be, change, fight, look, leave · **To what, where:** deep line, deep ruts, muddy field, 's, something, rut

<!-- .vabout -->
«rut» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rut in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/rut.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A deep line in soft ground made by wheels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:m1:1
# text = A deep line in soft ground made by wheels.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	wheels	wheel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a deep line in soft ground *not said here* |  |  |  | by wheels | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: idiom — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A boring way of life or habit that is hard to change.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:m2:1
# text = A boring way of life or habit that is hard to change.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	boring	boring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	habit	habit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | habit |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **change** | to-infinitive | habit *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"stuck in a rut".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:m2e:1
# text = "stuck in a rut".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	stuck	stuck	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rut	rut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: animals — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The season when male deer and some other animals fight and look for mates; (verb) to be in this season.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:m3:1
# text = The season when male deer and some other animals fight and look for mates; (verb) to be in this season.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
4	male	male	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	deer	deer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
10	fight	fight	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	mates	mate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	17	punct	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	23	det	_	_
23	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | present | male deer and some other animals |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **look** | present | male deer and some other animals *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for mates | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for mate=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | to-infinitive | the season |  |  |  | in this season |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tractor left deep ruts in the muddy field.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x1:1
# text = The tractor left deep ruts in the muddy field.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tractor	tractor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	ruts	rut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	muddy	muddy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the tractor | deep ruts |  | the muddy field |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent rut=Theme in field=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My bike wheel got stuck in a rut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x2:1
# text = My bike wheel got stuck in a rut.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	wheel	wheel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	stuck	stuck	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rut	rut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | My bike wheel |  |  |  |  | stuck *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad felt stuck in a rut, so he took up drumming.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x3:1
# text = Dad felt stuck in a rut, so he took up drumming.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	stuck	stuck	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rut	rut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	drumming	drum	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | Dad |  |  |  |  | stuck *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **take up** | past | Dad |  |  |  |  |  | vn require-103 «NP V for NP S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Precondition |
| 3 | **drum** | gerund | Dad *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's try something new to get out of this rut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x4:1
# text = Let's try something new to get out of this rut.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	try	try	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	rut	rut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **try** | infinitive | 's *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 3 | **get out** | to-infinitive | 's *not said here* | this rut |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the autumn rut, stags roar and lock antlers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x5:1
# text = In the autumn rut, stags roar and lock antlers.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	rut	rut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	stags	stag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	roar	roar	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	lock	lock	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
10	antlers	antler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roar** | present | stags |  |  | the autumn rut |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in rut=Location |
| 2 | **lock** | present | stags *not said here* | antlers |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antler=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The path was full of ruts and puddles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x6:1
# text = The path was full of ruts and puddles.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	ruts	rut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	puddles	puddle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the path |  |  |  |  | of ruts and puddles; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A CARTER was driving a wagon along a country lane, when the wheels sank down deep into a rut.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:rut:x7:1
# text = A CARTER was driving a wagon along a country lane, when the wheels sank down deep into a rut.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	CARTER	CARTER	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	driving	drive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	wagon	wagon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	along	along	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	lane	lane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	15	advmod	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	wheels	wheel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
15	sank	sink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
16	down	down	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
17	deep	deep	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
18	into	into	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	rut	rut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | past · progressive | a CARTER | a wagon |  | a country lane |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent wagon=Theme along lane=Trajectory |
| 2 | **sink down** | past | the wheels |  |  | a rut |  | down *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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