---
title: sabbath — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sabbath» in the school dictionary: The Sabbath is a weekly day of rest and worship: for Jews it is from Friday evening to Saturday evening; for most Christians, Sunday is kept as the Lord's Day. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sabbath

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sabbath, most Christians, family, they, Jesus, leaders · **What happens:** be, keep, rest, study, light, welcome · **To what, where:** weekly day, Sunday, sabbatical long break, work, secret night meeting, candles · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sabbath» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sabbath in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sabbath.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: religion — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Sabbath is a weekly day of rest and worship: for Jews it is from Friday evening to Saturday evening; for most Christians, Sunday is kept as the Lord's Day.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:m1:1
# text = The Sabbath is a weekly day of rest and worship: for Jews it is from Friday evening to Saturday evening; for most Christians, Sunday is kept as the Lord's Day.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	weekly	weekly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	worship	worship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Jews	Jew	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	Friday	Friday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	Saturday	Saturday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
23	for	for	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	25	amod	_	_
25	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	Sunday	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl:relcl	_	_
30	as	as	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	Lord	Lord	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	's	's	PART	POS	_	32	case	_	_
34	Day	Day	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Sabbath | a weekly day |  |  |  | of rest and worship; most Christians *nmod* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | Sabbath |  |  |  | from Friday evening; evening | for Jews | tree rules |
| 3 | **keep** | present · passive | most Christians *not said here* | Sunday |  |  | as the Lord's Day |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sabbatical (from the same word) is a long break from work to rest or study.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:m2:1
# text = A sabbatical (from the same word) is a long break from work to rest or study.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
2	sabbatical	sabbatical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	break	break	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	rest	rest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	acl	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	study	study	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | a sabbatical long break |  | work |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rest** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **study** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A witches' sabbath is a secret night meeting of witches and sorcerers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:m3:1
# text = A witches' sabbath is a secret night meeting of witches and sorcerers.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	witches	witch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	sabbath	sabbath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	secret	secret	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	meeting	meeting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	witches	witch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	sorcerers	sorcerer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a witches's sabbath | a secret night meeting |  |  |  | of witches and sorcerers | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rachel's family lights candles to welcome the Sabbath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x1:1
# text = Rachel's family lights candles to welcome the Sabbath.
1	Rachel	Rachel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lights	light	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	welcome	welcome	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** | present | Rachel's family | candles |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent candle=Product |
| 2 | **welcome** | to-infinitive | Rachel's family *not said here* | the Sabbath |  |  |  |  | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sabbath=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On the Sabbath, they don't do homework or go shopping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x2:1
# text = On the Sabbath, they don't do homework or go shopping.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
12	shopping	shop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **do** | present · do-support | they | homework |  |  | on the Sabbath |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent homework=Eventuality |
| 2 | **go** | infinitive | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **shop** | gerund | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jesus healed a man on the Sabbath, and some leaders were angry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x3:1
# text = Jesus healed a man on the Sabbath, and some leaders were angry.
1	Jesus	Jesus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	healed	heal	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
10	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
11	leaders	leader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heal** | past | Jesus | a man |  |  | on the Sabbath |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent man=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | past | some leaders |  |  |  |  | angry *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x4:1
# text = Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy.
1	Remember	remember	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	holy	holy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remember** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  | day |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **keep** | present | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  | holy *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad says Sunday was a quiet Sabbath when he was small.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x5:1
# text = Grandad says Sunday was a quiet Sabbath when he was small.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Sunday	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	quiet	quiet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	ccomp	_	_
8	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	11	mark	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Grandad |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Sunday | a quiet Sabbath |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | Grandad |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Sabbath begins when the sun sets on Friday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x6:1
# text = The Sabbath begins when the sun sets on Friday.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Sabbath	Sabbath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	begins	begin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	7	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	sets	set	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Friday	Friday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | present | the Sabbath |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **set** | present | the sun |  |  |  | friday |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Others, That all the sorcerers and witches of the country kept there their sabbath or night’s meeting.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sabbath:x7:1
# text = Others, That all the sorcerers and witches of the country kept there their sabbath or night’s meeting.
1	Others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
3	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	nsubj	_	_
4	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	6	det:predet	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sorcerers	sorcerer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	witches	witch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	12	advmod	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	sabbath	sabbath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	’s	's	PART	POS	_	15	case	_	_
19	meeting	meeting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sorcerer** |  | That |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | past | Others | Others's sabbath or night's meeting |  | there |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meeting=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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