---
title: sad — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sad» in the school dictionary: Sad means unhappy, feeling sorrow, often wanting to cry. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sad

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sad, you, I, goldfish, She, 's · **What happens:** mean, feel, want, cry, make, be · **To what, where:** sorrow, you, 's, saddest film, friends, sad face · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sad» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sad in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sad.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sad means unhappy, feeling sorrow, often wanting to cry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:m1:1
# text = Sad means unhappy, feeling sorrow, often wanting to cry.
1	Sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	unhappy	unhappy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	feeling	feel	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
6	sorrow	sorrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	often	often	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	wanting	want	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	cry	cry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Sad |  |  |  |  | unhappy *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **feel** | gerund | Sad *not said here* | sorrow |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sorrow=Theme |
| 3 | **want** | gerund | Sad *not said here* |  |  |  |  | often *property* | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 4 | **cry** *speech: express* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Sad *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sad means making you feel unhappy: sad news, a sad film.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:m2:1
# text = Sad means making you feel unhappy: sad news, a sad film.
1	Sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	unhappy	unhappy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Sad |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** *not said to happen* | gerund | Sad *not said here* | you |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **feel** *not said to happen* | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unhappy *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sad (informal) can mean boring or embarrassing — can be unkind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:m3:1
# text = Sad (informal) can mean boring or embarrassing — can be unkind.
1	Sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	boring	boring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	embarrassing	embarrassing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	_
10	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	cop	_	_
13	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Sad |  |  |  |  | boring *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | can | Sad *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unkind *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I felt sad when my goldfish died.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x1:1
# text = I felt sad when my goldfish died.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	7	mark	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	goldfish	goldfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | I |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **die** | past | my goldfish |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She looks sad — let's ask if she's okay.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x2:1
# text = She looks sad — let's ask if she's okay.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
5	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	okay	okay	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | She |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **let** | infinitive | She *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | infinitive | 's *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | she |  |  |  |  | okay *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This is the saddest film I've seen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x3:1
# text = This is the saddest film I've seen.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	saddest	sad	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
5	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | This | the saddest film |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | present · perfect | I | the saddest film *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer film=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It's sad that the park is closing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x4:1
# text = It's sad that the park is closing.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	closing	close	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **close** | present · progressive | the park |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was sad about leaving his friends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x5:1
# text = He was sad about leaving his friends.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | He |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave** | gerund | He *not said here* | his friends |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It's okay to be sad sometimes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x6:1
# text = It's okay to be sad sometimes.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	okay	okay	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	csubj	_	_
7	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | okay *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | sad, sometimes *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw a sad face and a happy face.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x7:1
# text = Draw a sad face and a happy face.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | a sad face and a happy face |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sad to say, we lost the match.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x8:1
# text = Sad to say, we lost the match.
1	Sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	say	say	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **lose** | past | we | the match |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent match=Eventuality |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This made the boy very sad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sad:x9:1
# text = This made the boy very sad.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | This | the boy |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset boy=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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