---
title: sadden — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sadden» in the school dictionary: To make someone feel sad. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sadden

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, teacher, It, people, news, loss · **What happens:** make, feel, become, sadden, hear, leave · **To what, where:** someone, We, me, litter, whole town, school

<!-- .vabout -->
«sadden» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sadden in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sadden.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make someone feel sad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:m1:1
# text = To make someone feel sad.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	feel	feel	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | someone |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset someone=Product |
| 2 | **feel** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To become sad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:m2:1
# text = To become sad.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We were saddened to hear that our teacher was leaving.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x1:1
# text = We were saddened to hear that our teacher was leaving.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	saddened	sadden	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	hear	hear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sadden** | past · passive |  | We |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hear** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **leave** | past · progressive | our teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It saddens me when people drop litter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x2:1
# text = It saddens me when people drop litter.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saddens	sadden	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	drop	drop	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sadden** | present | It | me |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus i=Experiencer |
| 2 | **drop** | present | people | litter |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent litter=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The news of the fire saddened the whole town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x3:1
# text = The news of the fire saddened the whole town.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	saddened	sadden	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sadden** | past | the news of the fire | the whole town |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus town=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school was deeply saddened by the loss of a pupil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x4:1
# text = The school was deeply saddened by the loss of a pupil.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	deeply	deeply	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	saddened	sadden	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sadden** | past · passive | the loss of a pupil | the school |  |  |  | deeply *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her tears saddened her little brother.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x5:1
# text = Her tears saddened her little brother.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	tears	tear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saddened	sadden	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sadden** | past | Her tears | her little brother |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus brother=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The end of the film saddened everyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x6:1
# text = The end of the film saddened everyone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	saddened	sadden	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sadden** | past | the end of the film | everyone |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus everyone=Experiencer |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The days passed slowly to Muffette, in spite of her brave efforts to occupy herself and not to sadden other people by her complaints.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sadden:x7:1
# text = The days passed slowly to Muffette, in spite of her brave efforts to occupy herself and not to sadden other people by her complaints.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Muffette	Muffette	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	spite	spite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	efforts	effort	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	occupy	occupy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
16	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	15	obj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	sadden	sadden	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	complaints	complaint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past | the days |  | Muffette | spite of Muffette's brave efforts |  | slowly *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in spite=Location |
| 2 | **occupy** | to-infinitive | the days *not said here* | Muffette |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus herself=Experiencer |
| 3 | **not** **sadden** | to-infinitive | the days *not said here* | other people |  |  |  | by Muffette's complaints | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus people=Experiencer |
| 4 | **spite** |  |  | Muffette's brave efforts |  |  |  |  | nom spite «feeling transitive»: of=patient |
| 5 | **complain** |  | Muffette |  |  |  |  |  | nom complaint «state intransitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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